Science_News_-_November_2026_ebooksyard - 2026-10-21 深度阅读工作台

综合要闻 1

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科学新闻

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与我对话

脑植入物正帮助那些无法说话的人

恭喜 2026 年入围决赛者！

赛默飞世尔科技与科学协会向从近 2,000 名参赛者中脱颖而出，被选为赛默飞世尔青少年创新者挑战赛决赛入围者的优秀青年科学家和工程师们致敬。

青少年创新者挑战赛

科学协会项目

米琳·阿桑

德克萨斯州，弗里恩兹伍德

安基斯·布基

加利福尼亚州，圣何塞

伊尚·多卡尼亚

俄勒冈州，比弗顿

贝利·奎恩·弗兰克

佛罗里达州，劳德代尔堡

威莱迪·埃尼德·费利西亚诺-里维拉

波多黎各，佩努埃拉斯

萨塔杰·辛格·甘地

新泽西州，门罗镇

伊莎贝拉·加里

明尼苏达州，伊登普雷里

阿莱卡·戈德堡

加利福尼亚州，松山俱乐部

林登·亨特-平斯基

加利福尼亚州，圣克鲁斯

亨利·格罗弗

加利福尼亚州，里弗赛德

Seiji ligaya

新泽西州，特纳弗莱

Samhitha Kiran Maddu

佐治亚州，亚特兰大

Jack Grover

加利福尼亚州，里弗赛德

Virinchi Madireddy

加利福尼亚州，里彭

Ellianna Gu

犹他州，盐湖城

Sai Sri Valli Mogilineedi

宾夕法尼亚州，麦凯尼克斯堡

Hanna Ryan Heitefuss

纽约州，利多海滩

Parthvi Naswa

加利福尼亚州，奇诺岗

Nathan Gael Montelongo

德克萨斯州，拉霍亚

Kianoosh Nawai

西弗吉尼亚州，查尔斯顿

Sanat Pandit

密歇根州，安娜堡

Isabel Rossi

弗吉尼亚州，威廉斯堡

Shrikari Punjala

伊利诺伊州，帕拉廷

Rye Lynn Rost

蒙大拿州，贝克

Olympia Sternson

加利福尼亚州，恩西尼塔斯

Andrew Sun-Zhuang

华盛顿州，海岸线

Lilly Swigert

加利福尼亚州，洛杉矶

Bowen Wang

加利福尼亚州，圣卡洛斯

Locklyn Rae Ward

俄克拉荷马州，格罗夫

Alec Zelenovic

弗吉尼亚州，阿灵顿

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关于赛默飞世尔青少年创新者挑战赛 (Thermo Fisher JIC)

赛默飞世尔青少年创新者挑战赛是由科学协会（Society for Science）发起的一项计划，是美国顶尖的科学与工程研究竞赛，旨在激励六年级、七年级和八年级的学生将他们对STEM学科的个人热情延续至高中及以后。

封面内容

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新闻

12 AI可能解决了数学领域最大的谜题之一

13 太空中的原子下落证明爱因斯坦再次正确

14 一次奇怪的探测令暗物质猎人兴奋

15 稀有化石讲述丹尼索瓦人故事

16 某些强韧的微生物可能在月球上生存

18 雷声震动——并绘制——地面

脑植入物可以恢复人类的声音。插图由 Rune Fisker 绘制

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48

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特写

不再沉默 32

实验性技术正在改变那些无法说话的人的生活。作者：Laura Sanders

崭新的未来 40

一种革命性的疗法可能很快将改变自身免疫性疾病的进程。作者：Meghan Rosen

远征 48

旅行者1号航天器即将迎来一个重大里程碑：距离地球一个光日。作者：Lisa Grossman

好奇心

技术虚构 66

谜题 68

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📄 Original Section

The human voice

ur voices have superpowers. From a coach firing up a soccer team before a big game to a mother soothing a cranky baby in the middle of the night, the human voice is key to expressing feelings and forging connections. The tone of a person's voice might even communicate feelings to loved ones better than facial expressions. So what happens to a person when their voice disappears?

People who have lost the ability to speak due to neurodegenerative disease or brain injury are talking again thanks to groundbreaking technologies that can decode the instructions the brain sends to speech muscles (Page 32). For this issue's cover story, senior neuroscience writer Laura Sanders interviewed Casey Harrell, a man who regained his voice — lost to ALS — through a brain-computer interface.

You can listen to Harrell in his own words in Season Two of The Deep End, our award-winning podcast. Harrell told Sanders: "It was so amazing to be able to be understood right from the get-go and to be able to talk and respond to my daughter, especially because that was lacking completely from my life."

In the podcast, Sanders digs into other innovations, including AI voice cloning, as well as the sinister potential of such technology to hijack people's voices. "It might be used in a way people don't want to have happen," she says. Hear more wherever you get your podcasts.

In this issue, we also report on the progress in developing an effective treatment for stiff person syndrome, a rare autoimmune disorder that makes the body's muscles freeze without warning (Page 40). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration hasn't yet approved any treatments for the disorder, which occurs in roughly 2 in 100,000 people. But that could some day change. Researchers are testing new CAR T cell therapies, senior writer Meghan Rosen reports. The process involves modifying a patient's white blood cells so they wipe out harmful immune cells. Scientists hope a single treatment could cure the disease.

And there's more controversy about using AI in mathematics, senior physics writer Emily Conover reports (Page 12). OpenAI made waves when the company announced that it had solved one of the most famous puzzles in math — a day after mathematicians reported advances on a similar problem. The development is among a flood of AI-fueled achievements this year and raises big questions about who gets credit when the algorithms are doing the work.

Nancy E. Shutte

Nancy Shute

Editor in Chief

nshute@sciencenews.org

Listen to NRDC's Chief Science Officer, Dr. Ticora V. Jones, talk about why science is key in the fight against climate change and how courage is needed to make a lasting impact.

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人类之声

我们的声音拥有超能力。从在重大比赛前激励足球队的教练，到在深夜安抚闹情绪婴儿的母亲，人类的声音是表达情感和建立联系的关键。一个人的语调甚至可能比面部表情更好地向挚爱之人传递情感。那么，当一个人的声音消失时，会发生什么？

得益于能够解码大脑发送给语言肌肉指令的突破性技术，那些因神经退行性疾病或脑损伤而失去说话能力的人们再次地开口交谈（第 32 页）。在本期封面故事中，资深神经科学作家劳拉·桑德斯（Laura Sanders）采访了凯西·哈雷尔（Casey Harrell），一名通过脑机接口重新获得因 ALS（渐冻症）而失去的声音的男子。

您可以在我们屡获殊荣的播客节目《深水区》（The Deep End）第二季中听到哈雷尔亲口讲述的故事。哈雷尔告诉桑德斯：“能够从一开始就被理解，能够与我的女儿交谈并回应她，这种感觉太神奇了，尤其是因为这在我的生活中曾完全缺失。”

在播客中，桑德斯深入探讨了其他创新，包括 AI 语音克隆，以及此类技术劫持他人声音的阴暗潜力。她说：“它可能会以人们不希望发生的方式被使用。”您可以在任何播客平台收听更多内容。

在本期中，我们还报道了开发僵人综合征有效治疗方法的进展。僵人综合征是一种罕见的自身免疫性疾病，会导致身体肌肉在毫无预警的情况下僵硬（第 40 页）。美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）尚未批准任何针对该疾病的治疗方法，该病大约每 100,000 人中会出现 2 例。但这种情况总有一天会改变。资深作家梅根·罗森（Meghan Rosen）报道称，研究人员正在测试新的 CAR T 细胞疗法。该过程涉及修改患者的白细胞，使其清除有害的免疫细胞。科学家希望通过一次治疗即可治愈该疾病。

此外，关于在数学中使用 AI 的争议仍在继续，资深物理学作家艾米莉·科诺弗（Emily Conover）对此进行了报道（第 12 页）。OpenAI^💡 在宣布解决了数学领域最著名的谜题之一后引起了轰动——而就在此前一天，数学家们刚报告了在类似问题上的进展。这一进展是今年一大批由 AI 驱动的成就之一，并引发了关于当算法完成工作时，功劳应归谁的重大疑问。

南希·E·舒特（Nancy E. Shutte）

南希·舒特（Nancy Shute）

总编辑

nshute@sciencenews.org

收听 NRDC 首席科学官蒂科拉·V·琼斯（Dr. Ticora V. Jones）博士谈论为什么科学是对抗气候变化的关键，以及产生持久影响需要怎样的勇气。

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NRDC 的《地球之言》（WHAT THE EARTH）

一个与当今环境思想家和领导者进行睿智且私人化对话的播客

执行出版人 | 玛雅·阿杰马拉（Maya Ajmera）< / > | 出版人< / > 迈克尔·戈登·沃斯（Michael Gordon Voss）< / >< / > 总编辑< / > 南希·舒特（Nancy Shute）< / > |

编辑部

新闻总监< / > 梅孔·莫尔豪斯（Macon Morehouse）< / >< / > 副新闻编辑< / > 克里斯托弗·克罗基特（Christopher Crockett）< / >< / > 副多媒体编辑< / > 艾希莉·耶格（Ashley Yeager）< / >< / > 助理新闻编辑< / > 海莉·魏斯（Haley Weiss）< / > |

执行编辑< / > 卡西·马丁（Cassie Martin）< / >< / > 特写编辑< / > 凯瑟琳·马塔西奇（Catherine Matacic）< / >< / > 研究与特别项目编辑< / > 凯伦·权（Karen Kwon）< / >< / > 助理编辑< / > 安娜·马特森（Anna Mattson）< / > |

科学新闻

数字总监 | Demian Perry< / > | 受众参与编辑< / > Brandon Standley< / >< / > 高级制作人< / > Mandana Tadayon< / >< / > 数字参与制作人< / > Abby Wallace< / > |

天文学，高级撰稿人< / > Lisa Grossman< / >< / > 生物医学< / > Aimee Cunningham< / >< / > 地球与气候< / > Carolyn Gramling< / >< / > 分子生物学，高级撰稿人< / > Tina Hesman Saey< / >< / > 神经科学，高级撰稿人< / > Laura Sanders< / >< / > 物理学，高级撰稿人< / > Emily Conover< / >< / > 高级撰稿人< / > Meghan Rosen< / >< / > 社会科学< / > Sujata Gupta< / >< / > 职员撰稿人< / > Erin Garcia de Jesús, Nikk Ogasa< / >< / > 科学撰稿实习生< / > Allie Skalnik< / >< / > 撰稿贡献者< / > Carmen Drahl, Kathryn Hulick, Elizabeth Quill, Tom Siegfried< / > |

设计

首席设计官< / > Stephen Egts< / >< / > 设计总监< / > Tracee Tibbitts< / >< / > 高级艺术总监< / > Chang Won Chang< / >< / > 艺术总监< / > Brody Price< / >< / > 特约艺术总监< / > Justine Hirshfeld< / > |

Science News Explores

数字编辑< / > Janet Raloff< / >< / > 印刷编辑< / > Sarah Zielinski< / >< / > 执行编辑< / > Jill Sakai< / >< / > 助理执行编辑< / > Maria Temming< / >< / > 数字副编辑< / > Lillian Steenblik Hwang< / >< / > 助理编辑< / > Aaron Tremper< / > |

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营销与广告

营销总监< / > Nick Findlay< / >< / > 高级媒体销售经理< / > Daryl Anderson< / >< / > 高级营销运营专家< / > Alison Chandler McNew< / >< / > 出版与营销助理< / > Remaz Abdelgalil< / > |

《科学新闻》的出版商科学协会是一家非营利组织，以其屡获殊荣的新闻报道、世界级的科学竞赛以及旨在增加所有年轻人机会的 STEM 推广计划而闻名。一个多世纪以来，《科学新闻》的记者们提供了准确且编辑独立的科学报道，为人们提供了评估新闻及其周围世界所需的信息和背景。

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科学协会 (Society for Science) | 总裁兼首席执行官 | Maya Ajmera | 首席发展官 | Dawn Abel | 首席运营官 | Rachel Goldman Alper | 首席项目官 | Michele Glidden | 活动策划与运营主管 | Cait Goldberg | 首席通信与营销官 | Gayle Kansagor | 首席技术官 | James C. Moore | 董事会 | 主席 | Thomas F. Rosenbaum | 副主席 | Feng Zhang | 财务主管 | Hayley Bay Barna | 秘书 | Christine Burton | 通用董事 | Lance R. Collins | 成员 | Christopher Bouton, Mariette DiChristina, David Holz, Kristina M. Johnson, Gary E. Knell, Charles McCabe, W.E. Moerner, Dianne K. Newman, Roderic Ivan Pettigrew, Dave Shull, Sheel Tyle, Afton Vechery, Gideon Yu, Jinger Zhao, Maya Ajmera, ex officio | 科学新闻 (Science News)

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劳拉·桑德斯 (LAURA SANDERS) 高级神经科学撰稿人

“你是否有某种特别喜欢听的声音？”劳拉·桑德斯喜欢这样问。有些人会提到心爱的人，而另一些人则会想到像大卫·爱登堡这样标志性的公众人物。几乎每个人都有一种能温暖内心的特别声音。但当疾病夺走一个人的声音时，会发生什么？在本期的封面故事中，桑德斯写到了能够帮助失去声音的人重新获得沟通能力的脑机接口（第 32 页）。这个故事是桑德斯在《深处》(The Deep End) 第二季中讲述的一个更宏大故事的一部分，这是一个关于我们的大脑和自身的《科学新闻》播客。“第二季名为《对我说话》(Talk to Me)，讲述的是人类的声音究竟是多么神奇，”桑德斯说。“它让我意识到，我们中的许多人是多么地将自己的声音视为理所当然。”您可以在任何播客平台找到《深处：对我说话》。

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艾希莉·耶格 (Ashley Yeager)

直到最近，编辑艾希莉·耶格的大部分时间都在致力于让您在网络和印刷版上阅读的《科学新闻》故事更加出彩。随后，在 2023 年，劳拉·桑德斯产生了一个想法，想做一个关于人们接受深层脑刺激治疗严重抑郁症的播客。耶格知道自己必须参与到这个项目中，该项目后来成为了《深处》的第一季。由于这是《科学新闻》的首个播客，“学习曲线非常陡峭，”耶格说。但这次初步尝试获得了国家杂志奖 (National Magazine Awards) 的入围奖。“这对我们继续开发播客起到了巨大的激励作用，”她说。

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约书亚·拉普·勒恩 (Joshua Rapp Learn)

在第 8 页上发光的八条蓝色腿属于一只生物发光的深海蜘蛛。发现该生物的科学家之一告诉自由撰稿人约书亚·拉普·勒恩，研究人员如何在海上花费数周时间用网收集标本，以及他们如何在暗室中瑟瑟发抖地研究数小时，以想办法激活这只巨型蜘蛛的发光能力。“我认为这类故事中最酷的部分并不总是物种本身的科学，”勒恩说。“而是探索过程以及科学家本身。”

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梅根·巴特尔斯 (Meghan Bartels)

哈勃空间望远镜在太阳系中最“时尚”的行星上发现了一些奇怪的现象：土星在其南极周围展示着一个独特的 10 边形喷流（第 11 页）。自由科学记者梅根·巴特尔斯表示，虽然这个形状本身非常引人注目，但科学家认为它“实际上反映了低层大气中正在发生的情况”。不过，“我认为这个形状有可能揭示其下方运行的流体动力学，这超级有趣。”科学家希望，通过哈勃和詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜对土星的密切观察，能够让他们进一步了解这个古怪的多边形究竟是如何形成的。

动物

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深海蜘蛛的异界之光

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作者：约书亚·拉普·勒恩 (Joshua Rapp Learn)

在澳大利亚东南部深邃黑暗的深渊中，拥有细长发光腿的巨型海蜘蛛看起来就像脱离躯体的幽灵。关于这些节肢动物生物发光的描述在科学文献中已经出现了至少一个世纪。现在，发表在《深海研究第一部分：海洋研究论文》(Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers) 上的照片证实了这一现象。

科学家报告称，对从深海平原采集的 Colossendeis 属蜘蛛进行戳弄和刺激会产生微弱的光芒。加入能激发生物发光细胞的氯化钾后，最大的一只蜘蛛（左图，C. tasmanica）发光时间长达 10 分钟。这种生物 25 厘米长的腿中承载着其消化道，这意味着饮食可能是发光来源。该蜘蛛在紫外线下也呈现出荧光（右图）。研究团队表示，要弄清楚这些节肢动物为何发光，需要拍摄深海视频。✗

照片由 JÉRÔME MALLEFET / FNRS 和 UCLOUVAIN 提供

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“会员资格在我的职业生涯不同阶段一直给予我帮助”

Yianna

RSSL 高级技术专家

无论你的角色是什么，英国皇家化学学会 (Royal Society of Chemistry) 都有你的位置。

位于南达科他州地下的 LUX-ZEPLIN 探测器正在寻找可能预示暗物质存在的闪光（见第 14 页）。

新闻

数学

📄 Original Section

By Emily Conover

\- The motion of fluids seems simple, but the equations behind it are the subject of one of the most famous puzzles in mathematics. That puzzle now appears solved, thanks to AI, even as the feat came with a flood of controversy.

In early September, OpenAI announced a solution to the Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness problem, which is so monumental that a \$1 million prize has been offered for its resolution. “It’s one of the guiding problems for the field. It is a huge deal to know the answer,” says mathematician Dallas Albritton of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

The day before, Tristan Buckmaster of New York University and Levent Alpöge of the AI company Anthropic had reported an advance on a closely related problem. They relied on assistance from various AI models, including OpenAI's.

The relationship between the two advances—and whether OpenAI had access to the duo's progress—has been subject to intense speculation.

The Navier-Stokes equations describe the changing relationships between a fluid's pressure, density and velocity over time. The equations are a foundation of science and engineering, relevant for weather forecasting, studying ocean currents and designing aircraft, pumps, turbines and more.

Despite dating to the 19th century, the equations are not fully understood. In particular, whether they are always well-behaved has not been clear. There might be situations in which the equations break down, producing physically impossible situations such as fluid flowing at infinite speed, known as “blowups.” Determining whether the equations are naughty or nice was one of seven challenges selected in 2000 by the Clay Mathematics Institute as the Millenium Prize Problems, each of which has a \$1 million bounty.

Buckmaster and Alpöge focused on the Euler equations, which are a stepping stone to the more famous Navier-Stokes problem. (Navier-Stokes equations include viscosity—a fluid’s resistance to flow—while the Euler equations don’t.) The pair found a blowup when an outside force pushes on the fluid, solving what’s called the forced Euler problem.

As Buckmaster and Alpöge were finessing their results, rumors began flying about their work. Spurred by these vague rumors,

OpenAI researchers started tackling the various Millenium Prize Problems and quickly focused on Navier-Stokes, using about 10,000 AI agents at a time.

The agents discovered a solution to the forced version of the Navier-Stokes problem: a vortex that gets skinnier and faster until its speed approaches infinity. That means that the Navier-Stokes equations are not always well-behaved, answering the longstanding question.

OpenAI's solution has been confirmed by Lean, a digital tool that allows for the verification of complicated mathematical proofs. But, as the paper reporting the result is 166 pages long, mathematicians are still digesting its contents. “I don’t think anyone has completely verified the proof yet, certainly not on the human side,” says mathematical physicist Gregory Eyink of Johns Hopkins University.

The new achievements are part of a wave of AI results deluging mathematics. In the last year, AI has enabled major leaps, leaving mathematicians grappling with rapid changes to their field. The new result, on one of mathematics' most important problems, is "the spectacular culmination of the arc we have seen over the last 12 months," OpenAI researcher Sébastien Bubeck said during a news conference.

Buckmaster wrote in a statement that his team's results mark a “Deep Blue–Kasparov moment,” referencing the 1990's milestone when a supercomputer beat the best human chess player at that time. “The community needs to have serious and unhurried discussion about where to go from here,” he wrote on his website along with the forced Euler solution.

Despite the problem's mathematical clout, its solution won't have significant practical implications, Eyink says. The Navier-Stokes equations describe fluid as a continuum, but real-world fluids are made of individual molecules and atoms, so there's a cutoff where the equations no longer apply. It's more about prestige, Eyink says. "There's a huge mathematical celebrity associated with these equations."

That also raises concerns about how credit for a discovery is doled out. Buckmaster says he had a series of discussions with OpenAI researchers about how to present the two results after initial rumors began circulating. Those discussions, he alleges, involved a request to exclude his coauthor Alpöge, who works for OpenAI competitor Anthropic. Buckmaster's narrative also raises questions about whether the AI agents had access to Buckmaster and Alpöge's progress. OpenAI states on its website that its AI agents did not have direct access to the work, nor was it included in the AI model's training data.

The biggest implication of the advance may be the issues it raises regarding the difficulty of attributing credit when AI is involved, Eyink says. “This is, for me, the really serious ongoing problem and issue that has to be resolved.” ✗

PHYSICS

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AI 可能解决了数学领域最大的谜题之一

作者：艾米莉·科诺弗 (Emily Conover)

\- 流体的运动看似简单，但其背后的方程是数学领域最著名的谜题之一。如今，得益于人工智能（AI），这个谜题似乎已经得到了解决，尽管这一成就也引发了一场巨大的争议。

9月初，OpenAI 宣布解决了纳维-斯托克斯（Navier-Stokes）存在性与光滑性问题，该问题如此重大，以至于其解决方案被开出了 100万美元的奖金。威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的数学家达拉斯·阿尔布里顿（Dallas Albritton）表示：“这是该领域最具指导意义的问题之一。能够知道答案是一件极其重大的事情。”

就在前一天，纽约大学的特里斯坦·巴克马斯特（Tristan Buckmaster）和 AI 公司 Anthropic 的莱文特·阿尔珀格（Levent Alpöge）报告了一个在密切相关问题上的进展。他们依赖于包括 OpenAI 在内的多种 AI 模型的协助。

这两项进展之间的关系——以及 OpenAI 是否接触到了这对搭档的研究进度——一直处于激烈的猜测之中。

纳维-斯托克斯方程描述了流体的压力、密度和速度随时间变化的相互关系。这些方程是科学和工程的基础，与天气预报、研究洋流以及设计飞机、泵、涡轮机等密切相关。

尽管这些方程可以追溯到 19 世纪，但人们尚未完全理解它们。特别是，它们是否始终表现良好（well-behaved）尚不明确。可能会出现方程失效的情况，从而产生物理上不可能的局面，例如流体以无限速度流动，这被称为“爆破”（blowups）。确定这些方程是“顽皮”还是“乖巧”，是克雷数学研究所（Clay Mathematics Institute）在 2000 年选出的七个“千禧年大奖难题”之一，每个难题的奖金均为 100万美元。

巴克马斯特和阿尔珀格专注于欧拉方程（Euler equations），这是通往更著名的纳维-斯托克斯问题的阶梯。（纳维-斯托克斯方程包含粘度——即流体对流动的阻力——而欧拉方程则不包含。）这对搭档在外部力量推动流体时发现了一个爆破现象，解决了所谓的“受迫欧拉问题”。

就在巴克马斯特和阿尔珀格完善其结果时，关于他们工作的传闻开始四起。在这些模糊传闻的刺激下，

OpenAI 的研究人员开始着手处理各种千禧年大奖难题，并迅速将重点放在纳维-斯托克斯问题上，一次使用约 10,000 个 AI 智能体。

这些智能体发现了受迫版本纳维-斯托克斯问题的解决方案：一个不断变细且速度加快的涡流，直到其速度趋于无穷大。这意味着纳维-斯托克斯方程并非始终表现良好，从而回答了这个长期存在的问题。

OpenAI 的解决方案已由 Lean 确认，Lean 是一种允许验证复杂数学证明的数字化工具。但由于报告该结果的论文长达 166 页，数学家们仍在消化其内容。约翰霍普金斯大学的数学物理学家格雷戈里·艾因克（Gregory Eyink）表示：“我认为还没有任何人完全验证过这个证明，至少在人类方面还没有。”

这些新成就属于席卷数学领域的一波 AI 结果浪潮。在过去的一年里，AI 实现了重大飞跃，使数学家们不得不应对其领域的快速变化。OpenAI 研究员塞巴斯蒂安·布贝克（Sébastien Bubeck）在一次新闻发布会上表示，关于数学最重要问题之一的新结果，是“我们在过去 12 个月中所见之轨迹的壮丽顶峰”。

巴克马斯特在的一份声明中写道，他的团队的结果标志着一个“深蓝-卡斯帕罗夫时刻”，指的是 1990's 一台超级计算机击败当时最强人类棋手的里程碑事件。他在自己的网站上随受迫欧拉解决方案一起写道：“学术界需要就接下来的方向进行严肃且不匆忙的讨论。”

Eyink 表示，尽管该问题在数学领域影响力巨大，但其解决方案并不会产生显著的实际影响。纳维-斯托克斯方程（Navier-Stokes equations）将流体描述为连续体，但现实世界中的流体是由单个分子和原子组成的，因此存在一个该方程不再适用的临界点。Eyink 认为，这更多是为了声望，“这些方程自带巨大的数学名气。”

这也引发了关于如何分配发现功劳的担忧。Buckmaster 表示，在初步传闻开始流传后，他与 OpenAI 的研究人员就如何呈现这两项结果进行了一系列讨论。他指称，在这些讨论中，对方要求排除他的共同作者 Alpöge，因为后者就职于 OpenAI 的竞争对手 Anthropic。Buckmaster 的叙述还提出了一个疑问：AI 智能体是否能够接触到 Buckmaster 和 Alpöge 的研究进展。OpenAI 在其网站上声明，其 AI 智能体无法直接接触该项工作，且该工作也未被包含在 AI 模型的训练数据中。

Eyink 表示，这项进展最大的影响可能是它引发了关于 AI 参与时难以界定功劳归属的问题。“对我来说，这是一个真正严肃且亟待解决的持续性问题。” ✗

物理学

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📄 Original Section

AN ODD DETECTION EXCITES DARK MATTER HUNTERS

BY EMILY CONOVER

ne day in June 2023, the numerous, unblinking electronic eyes of the LUX-ZEPLIN detector may have glimpsed something remarkable — possibly the first direct detection of dark matter that pervades the cosmos. Or it may have been just another Friday.

A new analysis of data from LUX-ZEPLIN, or LZ, found a single particle interaction that is consistent with dark matter, researchers report at the TeV Particle Astrophysics meeting in Tendo, Japan, and in a paper posted on LZ's website. But one event is not conclusive. Without more data, scientists can't be sure what it is.

The lone unexpected event has physicists buzzing. “It’s the most interesting thing that’s come up in recent times,” says theoretical physicist Wick Haxton of the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the research. “So I definitely think that there’ll be a flood of people looking at this event.”

But physicists are a cautious breed. “It’s only one event. So who knows what’s really going on here,” says theoretical physicist Dan Hooper of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. “That said, it’s intriguing.”

Dark matter is an invisible substance that's never been directly observed, despite decades of searching. Its existence is gleaned based on its gravitational influence on the universe.

LZ, located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, S.D., searches for a class of dark matter called weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, crashing into atomic nuclei in a tank of liquid xenon. Like an atomic game of billiards, such a collision would send a xenon nucleus zinging away, producing a small flash of light and releasing electrons that LZ's sensors can spot. The new analysis targeted a hypothesized version of dark matter that flings the nucleus at particularly high energy.

After combing through 220 days' worth of data, “we got left with one event, which is fascinating,” says LZ spokesperson Rick Gaitskell, a physicist at Brown University. Based on physicists' best assessments, there's only about a 1 in 100 chance for known particles to produce such an event, a statistical significance of 2.6 sigma. Three sigma is usually needed to claim evidence in physics, and five sigma is the bar for a detection.

A previous analysis had combed through the same data looking for atomic nuclei recoiling at low energies, which is the typical expectation for WIMP interactions. That effort came up empty. But dark matter particles might interact in a way that makes atomic nuclei recoil with particular oomph.

For example, dark matter particles could have different energy states, much like an atom does. The dark matter might interact only if there's enough energy to bump it up to the next level, putting a threshold on the energy of the atomic nucleus it kicks away. For that type of interaction, dark matter events are expected to occur preferentially in the Northern Hemisphere's summer, when Earth is meeting the galaxy's stream of dark matter head-on, producing higher-energy collisions. That makes an event in June 2023 particularly notable, says theoretical physicist Neal Weiner of New York University.

DUAL SIGNAL DETECTION OF LUX-ZEPLIN

When a dark matter particle interacts with an atomic nucleus, the nucleus emits light, which sensors (circles at top and bottom) detect. The event also releases electrons (red). They make another flash of light when they reach the top.

In the weeks since the discovery, physicists have been coming up with different possible explanations of what LZ saw. Many papers posted to arXiv.org focus on a particle called a higgsino, previously proposed by a theory called supersymmetry, in which each known particle has a heavier counterpart.

But it's been challenging to make that explanation fit with other observations. If higgsinos exist, they would collect in the sun, annihilating one another and producing high-energy neutrinos. But experiments haven't seen those neutrinos. Other ideas, like higgsino relatives or particles predicted by other theories, are also being considered.

Dark matter or no, the analysis proves the potential of LZ and other dark matter experiments. “We have these incredible machines that these teams have put together,” Weiner says. “And the question is, can they use them to look for these broader categories of scenarios? And one really exciting top-line result is, yes, they can.”

Meanwhile, LZ has already collected additional data — at least three times as much as what the researchers have already analyzed. If dark matter really is behind this event, there are likely others waiting to be found.

“People have looked for [dark matter] for such a long time, and with growing frustration that it hasn’t been found,” Haxton says. “It would be very nice if this event is followed by a few more.” ✗

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ANTHROPOLOGY

太空中的原子下落证明爱因斯坦再次正确

作者：艾米莉·科诺弗 (Emily Conover)

伽利略的实验已被缩小到原子水平并被送往太空。

为了证明不同质量的物体以相同的速率下落，据传这位 17 世纪的意大利科学家曾在比萨斜塔上扔下砝码。现在，科学家们在中国天宫空间站（下图为渲染图）绕地运行期间重现了这一事件。研究团队在《科学进展》(Science Advances) 上报告称，两团质量不同的冷铷原子云以几乎相同的加速度下落。这两团原子云的加速度匹配精度达到了 0.05 千分之一个百分点。

这种匹配的加速度证实了被称为“弱等效原理”的概念。它是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦广义相对论的基础，该理论将引力描述为时空的弯曲。

此前，在卫星上进行的金属圆柱体下落太空测试已经证实了这一原理。但与较大物体不同，原子遵循量子物理学的规则，因此检查它们是否表现出不同的行为具有重要意义。轨道上的原子将弱等效原理提升到了一个全新的高度。 ✗

PARTICLE PHYSICS

一次奇异的探测令暗物质猎人们兴奋

作者：艾米莉·科诺弗（EMILY CONOVER）

2023年6月的一天，LUX-ZEPLIN探测器那无数只永不眨眼的电子眼可能瞥见了一些非凡之物——这可能是人类首次直接探测到遍布宇宙的暗物质。或者，那可能仅仅是一个平凡的周五。

研究人员在日本天童举行的TeV粒子天体物理学会议上，以及在LZ网站上发布的一篇论文中报告称，对LUX-ZEPLIN（简称LZ）数据的一项新分析发现了一次与暗物质一致的单粒子相互作用。但一次事件并不能得出结论。如果没有更多数据，科学家们无法确定这究竟是什么。

这次孤立的意外事件让物理学家们议论纷纷。“这是近期出现的最有趣的事情，”加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的理论物理学家威克·海克斯顿（Wick Haxton）表示，他并未参与这项研究。“所以我绝对认为会有大量的人去研究这次事件。”

但物理学家向来谨慎。“这仅仅是一次事件。所以谁知道这里到底发生了什么，”威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的理论物理学家丹·胡珀（Dan Hooper）说道。“即便如此，它依然耐人寻味。”

暗物质是一种不可见的物质，尽管经过数十年的搜寻，从未被直接观测到。其存在是通过它对宇宙产生的引力影响推断出来的。

LZ位于南达科他州利德的桑福德地下研究设施中，它在液氙罐中搜寻一类被称为“弱相互作用大质量粒子”（WIMPs）的暗物质与原子核的碰撞。就像一场原子级别的台球比赛，这样的碰撞会使一个氙原子核飞射出去，产生微小的闪光并释放出电子，而LZ的传感器可以捕捉到这些信号。此次新分析针对的是一种假设版本的暗物质，它能以极高的能量将原子核击飞。

在梳理了220天的数据后，“我们最后剩下一个事件，这非常迷人，”LZ发言人、布朗大学物理学家里克·盖茨凯尔（Rick Gaitskell）表示。根据物理学家的最佳评估，已知粒子产生此类事件的概率仅约为1 / 100，统计显著性为2.6个标准差（sigma）。在物理学中，通常需要3个标准差才能声称发现了证据，而5个标准差才是认定为“探测到”的标准。

此前的一项分析曾梳理同一批数据，寻找低能量反冲的原子核，这是WIMP相互作用的典型预期。那次尝试没有结果。但暗物质粒子可能会以某种方式相互作用，使原子核反冲时带有特殊的冲击力。

例如，暗物质粒子可能具有不同的能量状态，就像原子一样。只有当能量足以将其提升到下一个能级时，暗物质才会发生相互作用，从而为其击飞的原子核能量设定了一个阈值。对于这类相互作用，暗物质事件预计会优先发生在北半球的夏季，因为此时地球正迎面撞击银河系的暗物质流，从而产生更高能量的碰撞。纽约大学的理论物理学家尼尔·魏纳（Neal Weiner）表示，这使得2023年6月的一次事件显得尤为值得关注。

LUX-ZEPLIN的双信号探测

当暗物质粒子与原子核相互作用时，原子核会发出光，由传感器（顶部和底部的圆圈）探测到。该事件还会释放电子（红色）。当电子到达顶部时，会产生另一次闪光。

在发现后的几周里，物理学家们一直在为LZ所见之物提出不同的可能解释。许多发布在arXiv.org上的论文聚焦于一种名为“希格斯子”（higgsino）的粒子，该粒子此前由一种名为“超对称”的理论提出，在该理论中，每种已知粒子都有一个更重的对应粒子。

但要让这一解释与其他观测结果相吻合一直具有挑战性。如果 higgsino 存在，它们会在太阳中聚集，在相互湮灭的过程中产生高能中微子。但实验尚未观测到这些中微子。其他观点，例如 higgsino 的近亲或由其他理论预测的粒子，也正在被考虑。

无论是否为暗物质，这次分析都证明了 LZ 及其他暗物质实验的潜力。“这些团队组建了这些令人惊叹的机器，”魏纳（Weiner）说道。“问题是，他们能否利用这些机器来寻找更广泛类别的场景？而一个真正令人兴奋的顶层结果是：是的，他们可以。”

与此同时，LZ 已经收集了额外的数据——至少是研究人员目前已分析数据量的三倍。如果暗物质确实是此次事件背后的原因，那么可能还有其他事件等待被发现。

“人们寻找（暗物质）已经这么久了，而且因为一直没找到而感到越来越沮丧，”哈克斯顿（Haxton）说。“如果这次事件之后还能出现几次类似的情况，那就太好了。”

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人类学

📄 Original Section

By Freda Kreier

\- A long-lost cave in southwestern China is offering scientists their first real glimpse of how an enigmatic human relative lived.

Archaeologists unearthed a rich trove of hominid fossils in 2019 in Bianfu Cave, a newly established archaeological site in Yunnan Province. Now, protein analysis and X-ray scans confirm that the remains, which date to between 167,000 and 134,000 years ago, belong to Denisovans, researchers report in two studies in Nature. The remains were found alongside those of butchered animals as well as over 1,300 tools.

The cave “tells us a little about how Denisovans actually lived,” says paleoanthropologist Shara Bailey of New York University. “Denisovans are becoming a bit less mysterious.”

Relatives of modern humans, Denisovans lived across Asia an estimated 400,000 to 30,000 years ago. Since the species was discovered in 2010, researchers have uncovered only a handful of their fossils — a lot less compared with the hundreds to thousands of remains of better-known Neandertals. With so few fossils, little is known about Denisovan culture.

Then about seven years ago, an ecological CONT. ON PAGE 16

SCIENCENEWS.ORG

CONT. FROM PAGE 15 restoration project at an abandoned quarry in Yunnan Province uncovered numerous fossils in a buried cave. Later excavations revealed four human teeth, two pieces of a skull and a fragment of an arm bone.

Comparing the shapes of the teeth with those from several other extinct hominid species revealed distinct similarities to Denisovans from what are now Laos and Tibet.

The team also searched the newfound fossils for species-specific proteins. All the samples harbored collagen proteins unique to Denisovans, clinching the identification, says molecular paleogeneticist Qiaomei Fu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.

The tools in Bianfu cave are from 190,000 to 70,000 years ago and were probably made by Denisovans, Fu and colleagues argue. They didn't find any evidence that other types of humans ever occupied the cave.

Found alongside the Denisovan fossils and tools were more than 1,600 identifiable animal remains, mainly those of ruminants such as deer. Some bone fragments bore telltale marks of cutting and pounding. That suggests Denisovans used tools to process carcasses — breaking bones and cutting and hammering meat.

Researchers already knew that Denisovans may have eaten marmots based on findings at other sites. The presence of butchered deer bones in Bianfu Cave suggests that the species “adapted to their environment. They hunted different things in different ways,” says paleoanthropologist Bence Viola of the University of Toronto. Together, the new studies provide “a much more complete picture” about Denisovan life. ✗

MICROBES

稀有化石讲述丹尼索瓦人故事

📄 Original Section

CERTAIN HARDY MICROBES COULD SURVIVE ON THE MOON

BY LIBBY RIDDLE

ome bacteria and fungi are notorious for tagging along on space missions, via space suits, payloads and even the exterior of the International Space Station. If those earthly microbes hitch a ride on NASA's crewed Artemis IV mission to the lunar south pole region — set to launch in 2028 — they could withstand the area's cold, dark conditions, calculations suggest. The findings, reported in Science Advances, reinforce the importance of decontamination protocols, researchers say.

Previous lunar missions explored the moon's equatorial regions, where high levels of ultraviolet radiation and large daily temperature swings make the surface inhospitable to life. But at the poles, sunlight hits the moon's surface at a much lower angle than at the equator, creating permanently shadowed regions that have low UV levels and consistently low temperatures around $-200^{\circ}$ Celsius.

Knowing many microbes tend to do just fine in dry and cold conditions, geochemist Heather Graham of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. and colleagues turned to past studies to identify survivable temperature and UV radiation ranges for three types of bacteria and two types of fungi commonly associated with humans. Then, the team calculated the conditions of lunar polar regions by studying their surface topography. All five microbes could survive for at least 24 hours in certain areas near the south pole, the team found.

The hardiest, Aspergillus niger fungus, has thick cell walls that protect it from extreme conditions and the ability to repair DNA even in a dormant state. In some lunar south polar regions, Aspergillus could survive for more than a week, the researchers estimate.

It's unlikely that these microbes could reproduce or grow in these conditions. But even dead or dormant microbes could pose a threat to lunar research, Graham says. Their proteins and other chemical signatures could show up in samples of the moon's surface and perhaps throw off measurements. The findings will help inform decontamination protocols for Artemis IV and other crewed missions. ✗

作者：弗雷达·克赖尔 (Freda Kreier)

\- 中国西南部一个失落已久的洞穴，让科学家们首次真正窥见这位神秘的人类亲属是如何生活的。

2019年，考古学家在云南省一个新建立的考古遗址——边府洞发现了丰富的古人类化石。现在，蛋白质分析和X射线扫描证实，这些年代在167,000到134,000年之间的遗骸属于丹尼索瓦人，研究人员在《自然》杂志的两项研究中如此报告。这些遗骸与被宰杀的动物遗骸以及1,300多件工具被发现在一起。

纽约大学的古人类学家莎拉·贝利 (Shara Bailey) 表示，这个洞穴“向我们揭示了丹尼索瓦人实际生活的一小部分”，“丹尼索瓦人正变得不再那么神秘”。

作为现代人类的亲属，丹尼索瓦人估计在400,000到30,000年前生活在亚洲各地。自从该物种在2010年被发现以来，研究人员仅发现了极少数的化石——与知名度更高的尼安德特人的数百至数千件遗骸相比要少得多。由于化石如此之少，关于丹尼索瓦人文化的认知非常有限。

大约七年前，一个生态

修复项目在云南省一个废弃采石场的一个被掩埋的洞穴中发现了大量化石。随后的挖掘发现了四颗人类牙齿、两块头骨碎片和一段手臂骨碎片。

将这些牙齿的形状与几种其他已灭绝的古人类物种进行对比，发现它们与现今老挝和西藏的丹尼索瓦人具有明显的相似之处。

该团队还搜索了新发现化石中具有物种特异性的蛋白质。北京中国科学院的分子古遗传学家付巧梅表示，所有样本都含有丹尼索瓦人特有的胶原蛋白，这最终确定了其身份。

付巧梅及其同事认为，边府洞中的工具年代在190,000到70,000年前，可能由丹尼索瓦人制造。他们没有发现其他类型的人类曾占据该洞穴的证据。

在丹尼索瓦人化石和工具旁边，发现了1,600多件可识别的动物遗骸，主要是鹿等反刍动物。一些骨碎片带有明显的切割和敲击痕迹。这表明丹尼索瓦人使用工具来处理尸体——敲碎骨头以及切割和锤击肉类。

基于在其他遗址的发现，研究人员已经知道丹尼索瓦人可能食用土拨鼠。多伦多大学的古人类学家本斯·维奥拉 (Bence Viola) 表示，边府洞中被宰杀的鹿骨的存在表明该物种“适应了它们的环境。他们以不同的方式猎捕不同的东西”。这些新研究共同提供了关于丹尼索瓦人生活“一个更为完整的画面”。 ✗

微生物

某些强韧的微生物可能在月球上生存

作者：LIBBY RIDDLE

一些细菌和真菌因通过宇航服、有效载荷甚至国际空间站的外壳随空间任务“搭便车”而臭名昭著。计算结果表明，如果这些地球微生物搭乘美国国家航空航天局（NASA）计划于 2028 年发射、前往月球南极区域的 Artemis IV 载人任务，它们能够承受该地区寒冷、黑暗的环境。研究人员表示，发表在《科学进展》（Science Advances）上的这些发现强化了除污协议的重要性。

之前的月球任务探索的是月球的赤道区域，那里高水平的紫外线辐射和巨大的昼夜温差使得表面不适合生命生存。但在极地，阳光照射月球表面的角度比赤道低得多，从而形成了紫外线水平低且温度持续低至 $-200^{\circ}$ 摄氏度的永久阴影区。

鉴于许多微生物在干燥和寒冷的环境中往往能生存得很好，来自马里兰州格林贝尔特 NASA 戈达德太空飞行中心的地球化学家 Heather Graham 及其同事查阅了以往的研究，以确定三种常见于人类的细菌和两种真菌能够生存的温度和紫外线辐射范围。随后，该团队通过研究月球表面的地形，计算了月球极地区域的环境条件。团队发现，所有五种微生物在南极附近的某些区域至少能生存 24 小时。

其中最强韧的是黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger），它具有厚厚的细胞壁可保护其免受极端环境影响，并且即使在休眠状态下也具有修复 DNA 的能力。研究人员估计，在某些月球南极区域，黑曲霉可以生存一周以上。

这些微生物在这种条件下不太可能进行繁殖或生长。但 Graham 表示，即使是死亡或休眠的微生物也可能对月球研究构成威胁。它们的蛋白质和其他化学特征可能会出现在月球表面的样本中，并可能干扰测量结果。这些发现将有助于为 Artemis IV 及其他载人任务制定除污协议。 ✗

西南地区的圣石正处于灭绝边缘

几个世纪前，波斯人、西藏人和玛雅人将绿松石视为上天的宝石，相信这些亮蓝色的石头是天空的神圣碎片。如今，最稀有且最昂贵的绿松石产于美国西南地区——但这种蓝色美人的未来尚不明确。

在最近的一次图森之行中，我们采访了第四代绿松石贸易商，他们解释说，全球开采的绿松石中只有不到 5% 可以镶嵌在珠宝中，而西南地区只有大约 20 个矿山能供应宝石级的绿松石。西南地区的许多矿山曾是一个繁荣的产业，但现在已经枯竭并关闭。

我们发现了一批供应量有限的亚利桑那州绿松石，并将其购入我们的塞多纳绿松石系列（Sedona Turquoise Collection）。受古代工匠作品的启发，且旨在展示这种卓越的蓝色宝石，每颗经过稳定处理的鲜艳弧面宝石都具有独特的、独一无二的基质，并由巴厘岛金属工艺环绕。您可以花费超过 $1,200 购买一件绿松石吊坠，或者您也可以仅用 $99 即可获得 26 克拉的纯正亚利桑那绿松石。

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地球

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雷声震动——并绘制——地面

作者：Carolyn Gramling

● “雷震”来了！由雷声产生并由地下电信电缆检测到的强声波，让科学家们能够绘制出宾夕法尼亚州立大学地下的浅层地质图。该大学的研究人员在《科学进展》（Science Advances）杂志上报告称，分析揭示了存在地面塌陷风险的区域。

当雷声的声波遇到地面时，它们会传递能量，从而引发细微的地面运动，这会拉伸电缆的敏感光纤，并增加光在电缆中传输所需的时间。该信号类似于地震仪记录地震时的刻线，可用于制作深至约 100 米的地下地质图像。

这些新地图是由 2 $\frac{1}{2}$ 年间检测到的 450 多个雷震信号创建的。它们揭示了该校富含石灰岩的地下区域中的薄弱地带，随后通过钻孔和卫星测量得到了验证。

雷暴产生的信号可覆盖数十平方公里。该团队表示，利用这些信号可能比传统的地震勘测更便宜、更简单，尤其是在拥有现有光纤电缆网络的城市地下。

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📄 Original Section

A massive study unveils the genetic basis of fibromyalgia

By Meghan Rosen

● The mysterious pain disorder fibromyalgia may have some surprising genetic roots.

An analysis of 2.5 million people suggests the disorder is neurological in nature, scientists report in Nature Medicine. The genetics study is the latest — and largest — to try and get a grasp on a long-debated condition.

The work establishes a biological basis for fibromyalgia, which was historically thought to be psychological. Evidence of the condition's biological origins has been accumulating for years, says geneticist Michael Wainberg of the University of Toronto. "But now," he says, "I think it's absolutely indisputable."

Fibromyalgia affects some 4 million adults in the United States and is known for causing widespread pain and fatigue — though symptoms can look different among patients. There are no blood tests to screen for fibromyalgia and it can be misdiagnosed as other diseases. And there has been a debate about fibromyalgia's origins. Some evidence has suggested the condition is an autoimmune one.

But scientists don't have a good understanding of what drives the disorder. They know genetics factor in because fibromyalgia can run in families. Yet what parts of people's genetic instruction books might be involved hasn't been clear.

Wainberg and colleagues uncovered 26 regions of the genome that might enhance a person's risk. The team analyzed the genomes of 2.5 million people, nearly 55,000 of whom had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia. The researchers looked for genetic variants that occurred in people with the disorder more or less often than in the general population. Such variants offer clues about fibromyalgia's biology.

Of the 26 fibromyalgia-linked variants uncovered, about half occurred near genes with neural roles, such as regulating nerve cell growth and controlling pain sensitivity. But the variant most strongly linked to fibromyalgia appeared somewhere totally unexpected — in the gene responsible for Huntington's disease. Until now, no one had reported any such link between fibromyalgia and the fatal neurodegenerative disease.

But that doesn't mean people with one disease are at risk of developing the other, Wainberg says. The mutation responsible for Huntington's is not the same as the one found in people with fibromyalgia, the team reports. The researchers do not yet know what role — if any — the new variant plays in fibromyalgia.

The study suggests a primarily neurological basis for fibromyalgia, “but that doesn’t mean other things don’t matter as well,” says statistical geneticist Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. The immune system may still be important in the development of this disease.

Though the new work reveals fibromyalgia's genetic underpinnings, the newfound variants can't be used to diagnose the disease, says study coauthor Hanna Ollila, a genetic epidemiologist at the University of Helsinki. And the dataset the team examined did not represent people of all ancestries. But the information could help uncover new therapeutic paths.

Think about the genetic variants like a plume of smoke drifting up somewhere in your neighborhood, says Gerard Limerick, a pain medicine doctor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. It tells firefighters where to look but doesn't give an exact location. Similarly, the variants don't tell researchers the exact cause of fibromyalgia, but they “point you in a direction to investigate further,” Limerick says. ✗

PALEONTOLOGY

健康与医学

📄 Original Section

WAS THE AMERICAN CHEETAH A CHEETAH AT ALL?

BY ERIN GARCIA DE JESÚS

he American cheetah might need a new moniker. Genetic and fossil analyses reveal this extinct cat is more closely related to modern-day pumas than to cheetahs, researchers report in Current Biology. And it may have hunted more like pumas do, too.

“Calling it the American cheetah implies a specific behavior and ecology, which isn’t necessarily appropriate for this species,” says molecular ecologist Molly Cassatt-Johnstone of the University of California, Santa Cruz.

The long-legged feline Miracinonyx trumani roamed North America's grasslands tens of thousands of years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch. Its fossils have sometimes been found alongside those of American pronghorn and other fleet-footed prey animals, suggesting the cat was a specialized, high-speed predator — and earning it the cheetah nickname.

But a growing body of evidence has pointed to a more puma-like animal, which now includes fossils from Canada's Yukon Territory. Cassatt-Johnstone and colleagues analyzed DNA from the three 31,000-year-old specimens, which were initially presumed to be pumas. It turns out the fossils are actually American cheetahs, which were not known to have lived that far north. "That led to this whole discovery avalanche," Cassatt-Johnstone says.

Further analysis of the ancient DNA as well as DNA from another M. trumani fossil unearthed in Wyoming confirmed that the species's closest living relatives is the puma. The cats last shared a common ancestor some 2.6 million years ago. M. trumani and cheetahs, on the other hand, split roughly 4.7 million years ago.

Because the Yukon individuals probably had limited access to pronghorn, the team wondered what the cats ate. A special type of nitrogen preserved in their bodies provided clues.

Levels in the Wyoming M. trumani fossil indicate the animal tended to feast on plant-eating land animals. Levels in the Yukon M. trumani fossils, however, were comparable to those of fish eaters such as orcas. One of the Yukon fossils was even found in a cave that also harbored numerous fish fossils from around the same period, Cassatt-Johnstone says. "It's clear that the resource was around and that they could have been exploiting it." Whether the cats went fishing or scavenged carcasses is unknown.

Still, the finding suggests that M. trumani took after pumas when it came to hunting. Instead of specializing in just a few types of prey like African cheetahs do, it went after the animals that were available to it.

Chasing large prey can be dangerous; switching to another source of food can help lessen the risk of crushed skulls or failed hunts. “If they’re able to exploit a prey resource that is abundant and doesn’t cause them significant injury, that’s a win-win,” says paleoecologist Larisa DeSantis of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. “It’s really cool to see that sort of adaptability in the American cheetah.”

Scrutinizing more specimens across the species's entire range could reveal how this “cheetah” actually lived. ✗

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一项大规模研究揭示纤维肌痛的遗传基础

作者：梅根·罗森 (Meghan Rosen)

● 神秘的疼痛疾病纤维肌痛可能具有一些令人惊讶的遗传根源。

科学家在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine) 杂志上报告称，一项针对 250 万人的分析表明，该疾病本质上属于神经系统疾病。这项遗传学研究是最新且规模最大的一次，旨在试图掌握这一长期存在争议的病症。

这项工作为纤维肌痛建立了生物学基础，而该病在历史上曾被认为是心理性的。多伦多大学的遗传学家迈克尔·温伯格 (Michael Wainberg) 表示，关于该病生物学起源的证据多年来一直在积累。“但现在，”他说，“我认为这绝对是不容置疑的。”

纤维肌痛影响美国约 400 万成年人，以引起广泛疼痛和疲劳而著称——尽管不同患者的症状可能有所不同。目前没有用于筛查纤维肌痛的血液检测，且它很容易被误诊为其他疾病。关于纤维肌痛的起源一直存在争议，一些证据表明该病是一种自身免疫性疾病。

但科学家们并不十分清楚是什么驱动了这种疾病。他们知道遗传因素在其中起作用，因为纤维肌痛具有家族聚集性。然而，人们遗传指令集中的哪些部分可能参与其中一直不明确。

温伯格及其同事发现了 26 个可能增加个人风险的基因组区域。该团队分析了 250 万人的基因组，其中近 55,000 人被诊断患有纤维肌痛。研究人员寻找在患病人群中出现频率高于或低于普通人群的遗传变异。此类变异为纤维肌痛的生物学特性提供了线索。

在发现的 26 个与纤维肌痛相关的变异中，约有一半出现在具有神经功能的基因附近，例如调节神经细胞生长和控制疼痛敏感度的基因。但与纤维肌痛联系最紧密的变异出现在一个完全出乎意料的地方——负责亨廷顿舞蹈症的基因中。直到现在，还没有人报道过纤维肌痛与这种致命的神经退行性疾病之间存在此类联系。

但温伯格表示，这并不意味着患有一种疾病的人就有风险发展成另一种疾病。团队报告称，导致亨廷顿舞蹈症的突变与在纤维肌痛患者中发现的突变并不相同。研究人员尚不清楚这种新变异在纤维肌痛中起到了什么作用（如果确实有作用的话）。

西雅图弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心的统计遗传学家纳萨·辛诺特-阿姆斯特朗 (Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong) 表示，研究表明纤维肌痛主要具有神经学基础，“但这并不意味着其他因素同样不重要”。免疫系统在这一疾病的发展过程中可能仍然很重要。

研究共同作者、赫尔辛基大学的遗传流行病学家汉娜·奥利拉 (Hanna Ollila) 表示，尽管这项新工作揭示了纤维肌痛的遗传基础，但新发现的变异不能用于诊断该病。而且，团队检查的数据集并未代表所有族裔的人群。但这些信息可能有助于探索新的治疗路径。

约翰·霍普金斯医学院的疼痛科医生杰拉德·利默里克 (Gerard Limerick) 将遗传变异比作在社区某处飘起的烟雾。它告诉消防员去哪里寻找，但没有给出精确位置。同样，这些变异并没有告诉研究人员纤维肌痛的确切原因，但利默里克说，它们能“为你指明进一步调查的方向”。

古生物学

美国猎豹真的是猎豹吗？

作者：ERIN GARCIA DE JESÚS

美国猎豹可能需要一个新名称。研究人员在《当代生物学》（Current Biology）杂志上报告称，遗传学和化石分析表明，这种已灭绝的猫科动物与现代美洲狮的亲缘关系比与猎豹更近。而且，它的狩猎方式可能也更像美洲狮。

“将其称为美国猎豹意味着它具有特定的行为和生态，而这对于该物种来说未必恰当，”加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁兹分校的分子生态学家莫莉·卡萨特-约翰斯通（Molly Cassatt-Johnstone）表示。

这种长腿的猫科动物——特鲁曼镜像豹（Miracinonyx trumani）在数万年前的更新世时期漫游在北美的草原上。它的化石有时与美国叉角羚和其他快速奔跑的猎物动物化石共同出现，这表明该猫科动物是一种专门的高速捕食者，因此获得了“猎豹”这个绰号。

但越来越多的证据指向一种更像美洲狮的动物，目前的证据还包括来自加拿大育空地区的化石。卡萨特-约翰斯通及其同事分析了三个 31,000 年前标本的 DNA，这些标本最初被认为是美洲狮。结果发现，这些化石实际上是美国猎豹，而此前并不认为它们生活在那么北的地方。“这引发了一场发现的雪崩，”卡萨特-约翰斯通说。

对古代 DNA 以及在怀俄明州挖掘出的另一个特鲁曼镜像豹化石 DNA 的进一步分析确认，该物种最近的现存亲属是美洲狮。这两类猫科动物最后一次拥有共同祖先是在大约 260 万年前。而特鲁曼镜像豹与猎豹则在大约 470 万年前分道扬镳。

由于育空地区的个体可能很难接触到叉角羚，团队想知道这些猫科动物吃什么。它们体内保存的一种特殊氮元素提供了线索。

怀俄明州特鲁曼镜像豹化石中的水平表明，该动物倾向于以食草陆地动物为食。然而，育空地区特鲁曼镜像豹化石中的水平则与虎鲸等食鱼动物相当。卡萨特-约翰斯通说，其中一件育空化石甚至是在一个洞穴中发现的，该洞穴中还保存着大量同一时期的鱼类化石。“很明显，资源就在周围，而且它们可能一直在利用这些资源。”至于这些猫科动物是去钓鱼还是食腐，目前尚不清楚。

尽管如此，这一发现表明特鲁曼镜像豹在狩猎方面继承了美洲狮的特点。它不像非洲猎豹那样只专门捕食几种类型的猎物，而是追捕任何可获得的动物。

追逐大型猎物可能是危险的；切换到另一种食物来源可以帮助降低颅骨被压碎或狩猎失败的风险。“如果它们能够利用一种丰富且不会给它们造成重大伤害的猎物资源，那就是双赢，”纳什维尔范德堡大学的古生态学家拉里萨·德桑蒂斯（Larisa DeSantis）表示。“看到美国猎豹具有这种适应能力真的很酷。”

对该物种整个分布范围内的更多标本进行仔细研究，可能会揭示这种“猎豹”实际是如何生活的。

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广泛的分布范围

根据已有的化石记录，特鲁曼镜像豹（也称为美国猎豹）的活动范围从佛罗里达州延伸到北部平原。来自育空地区的三件新化石将这种猫科动物的已知分布范围扩大到了加拿大。这些标本以及另一件来自怀俄明州标本的 DNA 揭示，这种已灭绝猫科动物最近的现存亲属是美洲狮。

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化学

📄 Original Section

What to know about U.S. weapons in Earth's orbit

By Emily Conover

\- Since the dawn of the Space Age, the weaponization of space has been an international concern. Now the United States has announced, with few details, that it has weapons in orbit.

"The United States has on-orbit space control weapons capable of defending... against hostile adversary action," U.S. Air Force Secretary Troy Meink said in September at the 2026 Air and Space Cyber Conference in National Harbor, Md.

With such limited information, it's hard to know what to make of the announcement. But “the world should be listening with open ears about this information because of the wide range of consequences,” says astrodynamicist Thomas González Roberts of Georgia Tech in Atlanta.

Space weapons are hard to define and encompass many possible technologies. “There’s real ambiguity about the term ‘space weapon,’” Roberts says. These weapons can involve satellites attacking other satellites, with CONT. ON PAGE 24

SCIENCENEWS.ORG

CONT. FROM PAGE 23 projectiles, explosives, lasers (illustrated on previous page) or other methods. A satellite could physically grab and manipulate another satellite. Cyberattacks can incapacitate satellites or wrest control away from their operators. Space weapons could also affect life on the ground by disrupting GPS.

Space weapons aren't entirely new. In 1962, the United States tested a nuclear weapon at high altitude, which disabled many orbiting satellites. Soon thereafter, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty banned weapons of mass destruction in space.

Multiple nations, including the United States, have also tested ground- and air-based antisatellite weapons. Worryingly, some types of space weapons could make orbits unusable by strewing dangerous debris that can collide with satellites or anything else in its path.

Science News spoke with Roberts about the newly announced U.S. weapons. The conversation has been edited for length and clarity.

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带电雨水可使涂层金属生锈

作者：Lily Burton

● 水滴可以进行它们自己的“电滑步”，在此过程中磨损金属汽车、桥梁和其他基础设施。

科学家在《自然》（Nature）杂志上报道称，当水滴沿表面滑动时，它们可能会带电，然后将电荷转移到具有合适电学特性的材料上。最终，这些材料会发生腐蚀，即使是带有保护涂层的材料也不例外。

德国美因茨马克斯·普朗克聚合物研究所的物理学家倪忠源（Zhongyuan Ni）及其同事将水持续释放到特氟龙涂层的铜上。部分水滴带有电荷，因为它们首先沿叶片和建筑材料等倾斜物体滑动。其他水滴则不带电，直接释放到金属上。

被带电水滴击中的铜显示出微观损伤，而被不带电水滴击中的金属则没有。带电水滴穿透了特氟龙，接触并腐蚀了铜。它们还穿透了玻璃涂层，表明这一过程并非特氟龙所特有。

水滴在云层和雷暴中可以带电，因此这种效应（虽然微小）可能非常普遍。团队表示，这意味着损伤可能会随时间累积，不应被忽视。 ✕

问答

关于美国地球轨道武器需要了解的事项

作者：艾米莉·科诺弗 (Emily Conover)

\- 自太空时代开启以来，太空武器化一直是一个国际关注的问题。如今，美国宣布其在轨道上部署了武器，但披露的细节很少。

“美国拥有能够防御……敌对对手行动的在轨空间控制武器，”美国空军部长特洛伊·梅因克 (Troy Meink) 在 2026 年 9 月于马里兰州国家港举行的航空航天网络会议上表示。

由于信息如此有限，很难对这一声明做出定论。但亚特兰大乔治亚理工学院的天体动力学家托马斯·冈萨雷斯·罗伯茨 (Thomas González Roberts) 表示，“由于后果影响范围广泛，全世界都应该对此信息保持高度关注。”

太空武器很难定义，且涵盖了许多可能的技术。“‘太空武器’这个词存在真正的模糊性，”罗伯茨说。这些武器可能涉及卫星攻击其他卫星，包括[]

[] 抛射物、爆炸物、激光（见前页插图）或其他方法。一颗卫星可能会物理性地抓取并操纵另一颗卫星。网络攻击可以使卫星失效或从其操作员手中夺取控制权。太空武器还可能通过干扰 GPS 来影响地面上的生活。

太空武器并非完全新鲜之物。1962年，美国在极高海拔地区测试了一枚核武器，导致许多在轨卫星失效。此后不久，1967 年的《外层空间条约》禁止在太空部署大规模杀伤性武器。

包括美国在内的多个国家还测试了基于地面和航空的反卫星武器。令人担忧的是，某些类型的太空武器可能会通过散布危险碎片，使轨道变得无法使用，这些碎片可能会与卫星或路径上的任何其他物体相碰撞。

《科学新闻》就新宣布的美国武器与罗伯茨进行了交流。对话内容为了篇幅和清晰度进行了编辑。

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问：这些太空武器是什么？

答：当我看到这个消息时，我的第一反应是它缺失了很多形容词。我们描述太空武器的方式是根据其攻击手段和使用后果。

我会思考诸如：攻击是否可追溯——其他人能否看出是谁干的？是否可逆，也就是说对目标产生的影响是否可以消除？公众是否能意识到攻击是否成功？攻击者能否确定是否成功？其他卫星或其他空间资产是否会受到损坏或性能下降？

那么，我认为这是什么样的武器？我认为它应该是那些在上述类别中获益最大的武器。

“全世界都应该对此信息保持高度关注……因为后果影响范围广泛。”

— 托马斯·冈萨雷斯·罗伯茨

问：它们是否与“金穹” (Golden Dome) 导弹防御系统的计划有关？该系统将在轨道上部署导弹拦截器。

答：我也想到了这一点。[梅因克给出的] “空间控制”这个形容词暗示令人不安。我想要更多信息。我们讨论的是影响对手控制其卫星的能力吗？还是说这种能力是让美国控制另一颗卫星？“控制”这个词的使用确实激发了我的思考。有些武器可以窃取他人的控制权：网络攻击、抓取、非协作交会与近距离操作。我不清楚该声明在这种语境下具体指什么。

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问：如果使用了这些武器，我们是否应该担心太空碎片？

答：一些太空武器会产生附带损害，包括不分国籍、无论你是谁都会撞击到你的无差别碎片。但你可以很容易地将许多卫星攻击仅集中在你的目标上。我想美国应该在讨论这个问题。美国是太空领域最大的参与者，他们承担不起危及太空环境的代价。

问：人们如何在不产生碎片的情况下攻击卫星？答：在这种情况下，干扰（Jamming）是最好的办法。如果你干扰卫星接收或发送数据的信号，这意味着它对操作员来说就失去了作用。但这并不意味着它被摧毁了。

许多此类攻击的目标是特定的子系统。将激光照射在卫星上，对光学或红外传感器尤其具有破坏性。如果你认为某颗卫星正在拍摄地球照片（就像任何间谍卫星或侦察卫星那样），你可能会有兴趣仅禁用该光学传感器。

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问：这次公告可能会产生什么影响？

答：它会招致美国对手的批评。国际社会一直致力于防止太空军备竞赛。这为某些声称现在已经太晚的人提供了证据。

目前，各国都在掩饰。有证据表明俄罗斯和中国正在开发太空武器，并对其进行测试和演示。但在很大程度上，他们予以否认。在大多数情况下，他们假装根本没有采取任何行动。美国则采取了不同的方法：他们没有掩饰，而是告诉所有人。

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📄 Original Section

A KITCHEN RENOVATION COULD TREAT ASTHMA BY AIMEE CUNNINGHAM

or people with asthma, switching from a gas stove to an electric one might be a breath of fresh air. The combustion that creates the flame of a gas stove or oven releases pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, which can trigger asthma symptoms. After a research-backed electric stove replacement, people reported more symptom relief than is often achieved with asthma medications.

“We were really surprised at how large the benefit was,” says Ashwini Sehgal, a clinician who studies community health at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. With funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during the Biden administration, Sehgal and colleagues spearheaded a project to install electric stoves in Cleveland households that had at least one person with asthma. Eighty-five participants who had poorly controlled asthma were given a questionnaire a few months after the switch. They reported symptom improvement that was roughly two to three times as large as what’s typical with medication. Those with the worst symptoms saw the biggest improvement. Participants also reported fewer emergency room or hospital visits and said they missed work or school less often.

One 38-year-old woman told Sehgal's team that whenever she cooked on her gas stove, she felt like her throat was closing. But the sensation disappeared after she switched to electric. Another participant, a 36-year-old man, found it difficult to walk uphill and play with his kids. With the stove swap, “he described how much better he felt as ‘magical,’” Sehgal says.

While heating, steaming or frying on a gas stovetop, nearby $NO_{2}$ levels can skyrocket, reaching hundreds of parts per billion. That's much higher than the EPA's one-hour outdoor air quality standard of 100 parts per billion. $NO_{2}$ exposure is linked to increased asthma symptoms. For example, research in children has found the pollutant can boost wheezing, coughing and asthma attacks.

The project was initially funded to follow 1,200 households for 12 months. But the Trump administration terminated the EPA's Community Change Grants early, which drastically reduced the number of study participants. Yet even with this small group, the symptom improvement was significant.

The decision to replace a gas stove “depends on how much you are struggling with your own illness,” says environmental epidemiologist Carrie Breton of WashU Bursky School of Public Health in St. Louis. As a trial run, Sehgal suggests using an electric hot plate and a toaster oven to see if keeping the gas stove off helps improve symptoms.

If a stove swap isn't in the budget, reducing $\mathrm{NO}_2$ exposure is still worthwhile, says pulmonologist Laura Paulin of Dartmouth Health. She recommends using kitchen ventilation, either via an exhaust hood that vents to the outside or an open window. A HEPA filter with a carbon insert can trap $\mathrm{NO}_2$ to decrease airborne concentrations. And try to keep children with asthma out of the kitchen when the stove is on, Paulin says. "It doesn't have to be an all-or-nothing thing."

For researchers, the next step would be to measure lung function before and after a stove switch, Breton says.

It would also be helpful to account for more factors, such as seasonal effects. “Many things can trigger people’s asthma,” Paulin says.

Researchers could do a randomized trial in which some people get the electric stove right away while others wait for six months, Sehgal says, to allow time for comparison.

If electric stoves continue to be linked with fewer trips to the emergency room, fewer hospitalizations and better symptom control than medication can provide, “health insurance companies should consider paying for or subsidizing” stove swaps, Sehgal says.

"If it truly works this well," Breton says, "it's got a bigger bang for your buck." ✗

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灵感源自 1933 年传奇的 1100万美元 Graves 手表

In 1933, 百万富翁亨利·格雷夫斯（Henry Graves）委托制作了一款被许多人认为是史上最重要的手表——这是一件机械杰作，后来在拍卖会上以超过 1100万美元的价格售出，随后消失在私人金库中。如今，很少有收藏家能再次见到原件。

受这款传奇时计的启发，Stauer 金色饰面 Graves '33 腕表以极低的价格重现了著名原件的优雅与复杂。其古董风格的珐琅表盘具有四个内部复杂功能，包括星期、日期、24-hour clock，以及太阳和月相显示——这些细节曾是世界精英的专属。

内部搭载了一枚精密的 27-jewel 自动机芯，包含 200 多个精密制造的零件，由手腕的自然运动驱动。

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THE HEALTH CHECKUP

厨房翻新或许能治疗哮喘

作者：艾米·坎宁安 (AIMEE CUNNINGHAM)

对于哮喘患者来说，将燃气灶更换为电灶可能会让他们呼吸顺畅。燃气灶或烤箱产生火焰的燃烧过程会释放污染物，其中包括二氧化氮，这可能会诱发哮喘症状。在经过一项有研究支持的电灶更换后，人们报告的症状缓解程度通常高于使用哮喘药物所能达到的效果。

“我们对获益之大感到非常惊讶，”在克利夫兰凯斯西储大学研究社区健康的临床医生阿什维尼·塞加尔 (Ashwini Sehgal) 表示。在拜登政府期间获得美国环境保护署 (EPA) 的资助，塞加尔及其同事牵头开展了一项项目，在克利夫兰至少有一名哮喘患者的家庭中安装电灶。在更换电灶几个月后，85名哮喘控制不佳的参与者填写了一份问卷。他们报告的症状改善程度大约是药物治疗典型效果的 2 到 3 倍。症状最严重的人改善最为明显。参与者还报告急诊室或住院次数减少，且请病假或缺课的频率降低。

一名 38 岁的女性告诉塞加尔的团队，每当她用燃气灶做饭时，她觉得自己的喉咙在收缩。但在更换为电灶后，这种感觉消失了。另一名 36 岁的男性参与者发现自己难以走上坡路或与孩子玩耍。塞加尔说，在更换灶具后，“他将自己感觉好转的程度描述为‘神奇’”。

在燃气灶上加热、蒸煮或油炸时，附近的 $\text{NO}_2$ 水平可能会飙升，达到每十亿分之数百部分。这远高于美国环境保护署 (EPA) 设定的 100 每十亿分之部分的一小时室外空气质量标准。$\text{NO}_2$ 暴露与哮喘症状增加有关。例如，针对儿童的研究发现，这种污染物会增加喘息、咳嗽和哮喘发作。

该项目最初的资助计划是跟踪 1,200 个家庭，为期 12 个月。但特朗普政府提前终止了美国环境保护署 (EPA) 的社区变革补助金 (Community Change Grants)，这大幅减少了研究参与者的人数。然而，即使是在这个小规模群体中，症状的改善依然显著。

圣路易斯华盛顿大学伯斯基公共卫生学院的环境流行病学家凯里·布雷顿 (Carrie Breton) 表示，更换燃气灶的决定“取决于你与自身疾病斗争的程度”。作为试行，塞加尔建议使用电热板和小型烤箱，看看关闭燃气灶是否有助于改善症状。

达特茅斯健康中心的肺科医生劳拉·保林 (Laura Paulin) 表示，如果预算不足以更换灶具，减少 $\text{NO}_2$ 暴露仍然是有价值的。她建议使用厨房通风设备，可以通过向室外排风的抽油烟机或打开窗户来实现。带有碳滤芯的 HEPA 过滤器可以捕捉 $\text{NO}_2$ 以降低空气中的浓度。保林说，尽量让患有哮喘的孩子在开火时远离厨房。“这不必是一个非全即无的选择。”

布雷顿表示，对于研究人员来说，下一步应该是测量更换灶具前后的肺功能。

考虑更多因素（如季节性影响）也将有所帮助。保林说：“很多事情都可能诱发人们的哮喘。”

塞加尔说，研究人员可以进行一项随机试验，让一部分人立即获得电灶，而其他人等待六个月，以便留出对比时间。

塞加尔表示，如果电灶继续被证明比药物能提供更少的急诊次数、更少的住院率和更好的症状控制，那么“医疗保险公司应该考虑支付或补贴”更换灶具的费用。

“如果这真的如此有效，”布雷顿说，“那么它的性价比会更高。” ✗

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📄 Original Section

How the living used to set traps for the dead

By Maria Temming

\- Someone in 17th century Poland really did not want one particular girl rising from the dead.

The young woman, who archaeologists call Zosia, was buried in a Pień cemetery with a sickle blade hooked over her throat and a triangular padlock affixed to the big toe of her left foot. While both types of artifacts were used to shield the living from the dead in post-medieval Europe, Zosia's grave is the first discovered with both revenant prevention measures, researchers report in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.

"The purpose of these practices was to protect the living from Zosia after her death, including, without a doubt, preventing her from rising from the grave," says archaeologist Dariusz Poliński of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.

Researchers unearthed Zosia's grave in 2022. Poliński's team analyzed the contents, including her skeleton. Zosia was 17 to 19 when she died. The arrangement of her leg bones indicate the padlock was placed around her toe when she was originally buried, hinting that someone immediately clocked Zosia as a flight risk from the afterlife. Mixed-up soil layers and the odd angle of Zosia's left arm suggest her tomb was later dug up, perhaps to place the sickle. Green stains on Zosia's skull could have come from copper shoved in her mouth or nose. In Polish folklore, copper helps ward off vampiric demons, or strzygi.

“I have seen weird. I don’t know if [I’ve seen] weirder,” says bioarchaeologist Lauren Hosek of the University of Colorado Boulder. “Sickle across the neck is pretty crazy.” That, paired with the padlock as a restraint, Hosek says, “is a pretty good argument for this idea of fear of the dead.”

Graves designed to fend off specters are sometimes known as anti-vampiric. But the term doesn't necessarily mean that people in the 17th century thought Zosia was out for blood, Hosek says. In this historical context, a vampire refers to some sort of malevolent undead being.

Someone might be singled out for such a burial because they had been an outsider or lived a difficult life, says bioarchaeologist Sandra Garvie-Lok of the University of Alberta in Canada.

But Zosia's skeleton and burial accessories seem to rule out those explanations. Her teeth's chemical makeup indicate she grew up near Pień, and her bones show no marks of injury or illness. Remnants of a silk cap with silver and gold threads suggest she had high social status. Poliński's team is

Someone in 17th century Poland placed a sickle over the neck of this girl's corpse, perhaps so that she'd slit her throat if she attempted to rise from the grave.

searching Zosia's DNA for clues to how she died.

The Pień cemetery is riddled with other creepy graves, including a boy buried face down with a padlock on his right foot. Even spookier: The cemetery isn't written about anywhere or marked on any map. It's also far from any church, suggesting the ground was unconsecrated.

The evidence points to the site being a cemetery for societal rejects who were feared even after death. That would make it “a very unusual site that we could learn a lot from,” Garvie-Lok says. ✗

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考古学

生者曾如何为死者设陷阱

作者：Maria Temming

在 17 世纪的波兰，确实有人非常不希望某个特定的女孩死而复生。

这名被考古学家称为 Zosia 的年轻女性被埋葬在 Pień 墓地中，她的喉咙上挂着一把镰刀刃，左脚大脚趾上锁着一把三角形挂锁。虽然这两类文物在后中世纪时期的欧洲都被用于保护生者免受死者干扰，但研究人员在《考古科学报告》（Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports）中指出，Zosia 的坟墓是首个被发现同时采取了这两种防止死者回归措施的案例。

“这些做法的目的是在死后保护生者，毫无疑问，包括防止她从坟墓中爬出来，”波兰托伦的尼古拉·哥白尼大学的考古学家 Dariusz Poliński 表示。

研究人员于 2022年挖掘出了的坟墓。Poliński 的团队分析了其中的内容，包括她的骨架。去世时年龄在 17 到 19 岁之间。她腿骨的排列方式表明，挂锁是在她最初被埋葬时就套在脚趾上的，这暗示有人立即认定有从死后世界逃脱的风险。混乱的土层和左臂的奇怪角度表明，她的坟墓后来被挖掘过，可能是为了放置镰刀。头骨上的绿色污渍可能来自塞入她口中或鼻中的铜。在波兰民俗中，铜有助于驱除吸血鬼恶魔（strzygi）。

“我见过奇怪的，但我不知道是否见过更奇怪的，”科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的生物考古学家 Lauren Hosek 说道。“脖子上横放一把镰刀简直太疯狂了。”Hosek 表示，这一点与作为约束手段的挂锁相结合，“有力地证明了这种对死者的恐惧心理。”

旨在抵御幽灵的坟墓有时被称为“反吸血鬼”坟墓。但 Hosek 表示，这个词并不一定意味着 17 世纪的人认为是为了吸血而来的。在这种历史语境下，“吸血鬼”是指某种邪恶的不死生物。

加拿大阿尔伯塔大学的生物考古学家 Sandra Garvie-Lok 表示，某人被单独采取这种埋葬方式，可能是因为他们曾是局外人，或者生活艰辛。

但的骨架和随葬品似乎排除了这些解释。她牙齿的化学成分表明她在 Pień 附近长大，且骨骼没有受伤或患病的痕迹。带有金银线的丝绸帽子残骸表明她具有较高的社会地位。Poliński 的团队正在

17 世纪波兰的某人在这名女孩的尸体脖子上放置了一把镰刀，也许是为了让她在试图从坟墓中爬出时割断自己的喉咙。

通过的 DNA 寻找她死因的线索。

Pień 墓地中遍布其他令人毛骨悚然的坟墓，包括一个脸朝下埋葬且右脚锁有挂锁的男孩。更诡异的是：这座墓地在任何地方都没有文字记载，也没有在任何地图上标注。它还远离任何教堂，这表明该土地未经祝圣。

证据表明，该遗址是一个为那些死后仍被恐惧的社会弃儿而设立的墓地。Garvie-Lok 表示，这将使其成为“一个我们可以从中学习到很多东西的非常不寻常的遗址”。✗

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特写

📄 Original Section

On paper, my interview with Casey Harrell looks like any other.

I ask the questions, he answers them. He tells me about his background as a climate activist, his Southern roots and his daughter, who as a preschooler loved to dress up like a cheetah and roar around the house. “My daughter was incredibly cute in her cheetah outfit,” Harrell says.

The transcript tells the story of our conversation. But between the lines is an entirely different story — the story of where Harrell's words come from.

Harrell started losing his ability to speak in his early 40s, nearly six years ago. He talked to me using a brain implant that can decode his words directly from his thoughts. The device, called a brain-computer interface, is experimental. But it has transformed Harrell's life. And it could soon transform others. Advances in computing power and AI, lessons gleaned from patient experience and investments from neurotechnology companies are starting to yield real progress on brain-computer interfaces for people who can no longer talk. In other words, Harrell's new voice might not be so singular in the future.

"There's a lot of excitement and hope in the field right now," says Matthew Willsey, a neurosurgeon and biomedical engineer at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who recently implanted a new type of speech interface in a woman's brain. For years, Willsey says, scientists didn't know whether attempts to decode speech would be successful; now, a body of research results points clearly to yes. "They're thinking, 'Wow, this is actually a usable technology that addresses a real problem that people suffer from.'"

Harrell has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS. The progressive neurodegenerative disease, which affects an estimated 35,000 people in the United States, kills nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control muscles. As the neural connections between Harrell's brain and body began to falter, he gradually lost his ability to move his muscles, leaving him confined to his bed or a wheelchair. Some of those dropped signals directed the muscles in his throat and mouth, the ones that allow him to speak.

“I began to lose my ability to talk shortly after my diagnosis in 2020,” Harrell says. After that, it was “a slow-motion car crash” as fewer and fewer people could understand him. “[My voice] is the most important thing I have lost in this whole disease,” he says.

In a stroke of luck, Harrell learned through a family member about a clinical trial happening at the University of California, Davis—one that attempted to restore speech with a brain-computer interface. In 2023, Harrell had four small devices implanted on the left side of his brain. These grids of electrodes reside on Harrell's speech motor cortex, a stretch of brain along the precentral gyrus that controls the movements required for speech.

Today, Harrell uses his system for about 10 to 14 hours daily, making him, as he puts it, “the world's biggest power user of the brain-to-computer interface known to man." Hard data suggest he's right. A recent count shows that Harrell has used his system to communicate nearly 2 million words, the scientists working with him reported in June in Nature Medicine.

The very existence of Harrell's words shows it may be possible to restore speech for people with ALS, as well as for those whose speech is impaired by stroke, paralysis, cerebral palsy and Parkinson's disease. “This kind of technology has the potential to dramatically change the conversation,” says David Brandman, a UC Davis neurosurgeon and neuroscientist who works with Harrell.

Harrell's interface still has room for improvement. It's bulky, relatively slow and limited in what sorts of nonword sounds it can decode.

But it is a “beginning,” says Leigh Hochberg, a neuroscientist at Brown University who works with Harrell. “It’s still early days. There’s a lot of research to happen, and it’s going to be very exciting." The end game, Hochberg says, is a world in which people could use a device to communicate seamlessly, quickly, clearly—and in their former voices.

Success would mean restoring more than just people's words, Brandman says. It would mean restoring their ability to connect in all the ineffable ways that make us human. “Speech is so fundamental to who we are,” he says. “Imagine living in a world where you couldn't tell someone you're in pain, or you couldn't say that you love them ... It's not hard to imagine how devastating that would be for your quality of life.”

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不再沉默

实验性技术正在改变那些无法说话的人的生活

作者：劳拉·桑德斯（Laura Sanders）插画：鲁恩·菲斯克（Rune Fisker）

📄 Original Section

The voice inside

On the path to a technology that enables fast, natural speech, scientists first had to answer a more basic question: Could the brain's electrical chatter be decoded and translated into action outside of the head?

Nerve cells speak to each other with tiny pulses of electricity, signals that can be picked up with electrodes. The existence of this electrical language raised the tantalizing idea that electrical messages could be decoded straight from where they originate in the brain, bypassing damaged links to the rest of the body.

“This has really started as early as the 1950s, the first time scientists put electrodes into brains to record neural activity,” says Sergey Stavisky, a neuroscientist and neural engineer at UC Davis. “You can record the electrical activity of brain cells or parts of the brain. And that’s really when modern neuroscience started trying to study, how does the brain compute? How does it allow us to move our muscles?”

Figuring out how to decode simple neural commands was the first step. Animal studies paved the way, including experiments in which rhesus monkeys consciously controlled the movements of a robotic arm using only brain signals detected by implanted electrodes.

By 2004, scientists had enough confidence in the approach to launch a clinical trial in humans called BrainGate. Researchers implanted a grid of electrodes in the brain of a paralyzed man named Matthew Nagle. A former star athlete, Nagle was able to control a computer cursor with his thoughts alone. “That was really the starting gun of the modern version of the brain-computer interface field,” Stavisky says.

From there, attempts to link brain activity with some physical outcome — such as moving a computer mouse, a wheelchair or a robotic arm — blossomed. Some of these efforts focused on the brain signals and regions that controlled movements of the hands and arms. Others focused on a very tricky version of the same basic problem: talking.

A brain-computer interface that could detect the intention to say a word and bypass the muscles needed to say it would be a powerful workaround for people with diseases like ALS or brain injuries. And it is no small thing to people who can no longer talk. “Losing their speech is way more devastating than losing their mobility,” says Jessica Pietrowski, a speech and language pathologist at UC Davis who has worked with many such patients. “Speech is how they maintain their identity in their relationships.”

Harrell emphasizes this point. “What does my voice mean to me? It means so much,” he says. “It is the ability to parent my daughter. It is the ability to connect with my wife. It is the ability to make a wry joke with my friends.”

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从文字上看，我对凯西·哈雷尔（Casey Harrell）的采访与其他采访没什么两样。

我提问，他回答。他向我讲述了他作为气候活动家的背景、他的南方根源，以及他的女儿——那个在学前班时期喜欢穿成猎豹模样在屋里咆哮的小女孩。“我的女儿穿着猎豹装时简直可爱极了，”哈雷尔说道。

采访记录讲述了我们对话的内容。但在字里行间，却隐藏着一个完全不同的故事——一个关于哈雷尔的话语是如何产生的故事。

哈雷尔在 40 岁出头时开始失去说话能力，大约是在近六年前。他通过一个能够直接从思维中解码词汇的脑植入物与我交谈。这种被称为脑机接口的设备目前仍处于实验阶段，但它改变了哈雷尔的生活，并且很快可能改变其他人的生活。计算能力和人工智能（AI）的进步、从患者经验中汲取的教训，以及神经技术公司的投资，正开始在为失语者研发的脑机接口领域取得实质性进展。换句话说，在未来，哈雷尔的新声音可能不再是孤例。

“目前该领域充满了兴奋与希望，”密歇根大学安娜堡分校的神经外科医生兼生物医学工程师马修·威尔西（Matthew Willsey）说道，他最近在一名女性的大脑中植入了一种新型语言接口。威尔西表示，多年来，科学家们并不确定解码语言的尝试是否会成功；而现在，大量的研究结果明确指向了肯定的答案。“他们认为，‘哇，这实际上是一项可用的技术，能够解决人们所遭受的真实问题。’”

哈雷尔患有肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）。这种渐进性神经退行性疾病在美国估计影响了 35,000 人，它会杀死大脑和脊髓中控制肌肉的神经细胞。随着哈雷尔大脑与身体之间的神经连接开始失效，他逐渐失去了活动肌肉的能力，只能被禁锢在床上或轮椅上。其中一些中断的信号指向了他的喉咙和口腔肌肉，而这些肌肉正是让他能够说话的关键。

“在 2020 年确诊后不久，我开始失去说话能力，”哈雷尔说。在那之后，情况就像一场“慢动作的车祸”，能听懂他话的人越来越少。“[我的声音]是我在整个患病过程中失去的最重要的东西，”他说。

幸运的是，哈雷尔通过一名家人得知了加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校正在进行的一项临床试验——该试验试图通过脑机接口恢复语言能力。2023, 哈雷尔在大脑左侧植入了四个小型设备。这些电极阵列位于哈雷尔的语言运动皮层，即中央前回沿线控制语言所需动作的大脑区域。

如今，哈雷尔每天使用该系统约 10 到 14 小时，用他的话说，他是“人类已知范围内脑机接口全球最顶级的重度用户”。硬数据表明他是正确的。与他合作的科学家在 6 月份的《自然-医学》（Nature Medicine）杂志上报告称，最近的统计显示，哈雷尔已使用该系统交流了近 200 万个词汇。

哈雷尔能够发声这一事实本身就表明，为 ALS 患者以及因中风、瘫痪、脑瘫和帕金森病而导致语言障碍的人恢复语言能力可能是可行的。“这类技术具有戏剧性地改变对话方式的潜力，”与哈雷尔合作的加州大学戴维斯分校神经外科医生兼神经科学家大卫·布兰德曼（David Brandman）说道。

哈雷尔的接口仍有改进空间。它体积庞大，速度相对较慢，且在解码非词汇类声音的种类方面存在局限。

但莱格·霍希伯格（Leigh Hochberg）表示，这是一个“开始”。他是布朗大学的一名神经科学家，同时也与哈雷尔合作。“现在还处于早期阶段。还有大量的研究有待开展，这将是非常令人兴奋的。”霍希伯格说，最终目标是创造这样一个世界：人们可以使用设备无缝、快速、清晰地进行交流——并且使用他们原先的声音。

布兰德曼表示，成功意味着恢复的将不仅仅是人们的语言。它还意味着恢复人们以所有那些定义人类的、难以言表的方式进行连接的能力。“语言对于我们是谁至关重要，”他说。“想象一下生活在一个你无法告诉别人你在疼痛，或者无法表达你爱他们的世界……不难想象这对生活质量将产生多么毁灭性的影响。”

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内在之声

在研发能够实现快速、自然语言的技术之路上，科学家们首先必须回答一个更基础的问题：大脑中的电信号嘈杂声能否被解码，并转化为头部之外的行动？

神经细胞通过微小的电脉冲相互交流，这些信号可以通过电极捕捉。这种电语言的存在引发了一个诱人的想法：电信号可以直接从大脑的产生地被解码，从而绕过通往身体其他部位的受损连接。

“这实际上早在 20 世纪 50 年代就开始了，那是科学家第一次将电极植入大脑以记录神经活动，”加州大学戴维斯分校（UC Davis）的神经科学家兼神经工程师谢尔盖·斯塔维斯基（Sergey Stavisky）说道。“你可以记录脑细胞或大脑部分区域的电活动。而这正是现代神经科学开始尝试研究‘大脑如何计算’以及‘它如何让我们驱动肌肉’的起点。”

弄清楚如何解码简单的神经指令是第一步。动物研究铺平了道路，其中包括一些实验，在这些实验中，恒河猴仅使用植入电极检测到的脑信号，就能有意识地控制机械臂的运动。

到 2004 年，科学家们对该方法有了足够的信心，启动了一项名为 BrainGate 的人体临床试验。研究人员在一名名为马修·内格尔（Matthew Nagle）的瘫痪男子大脑中植入了一个电极阵列。内格尔曾是一名明星运动员，他能够仅凭思想控制计算机光标。“那真的是现代版本脑机接口领域的发令枪，”斯塔维斯基说。

从此，将大脑活动与某种物理结果（如移动计算机鼠标、轮椅或机械臂）联系起来的尝试开始蓬勃发展。其中一些努力集中在控制手部和手臂运动的大脑信号和区域。另一些则专注于同一个基础问题的一个极具挑战性的版本：说话。

一个能够检测说话意图并绕过发音所需肌肉的脑机接口，对于患有 ALS（渐冻症）或脑损伤的人来说，将是一个强大的替代方案。对于那些无法再说话的人来说，这绝非小事。“失去语言比失去行动能力要痛苦得多，”加州大学戴维斯分校的言语语言病理学家杰西卡·皮耶特罗夫斯基（Jessica Pietrowski）说道，她曾与许多此类患者合作过。“语言是他们在人际关系中维持自我身份的方式。”

哈雷尔强调了这一点。“我的声音对我意味着什么？它意味着太多了，”他说。“它意味着我能抚养我的女儿。它意味着我能与我的妻子建立联系。它意味着我能和朋友们开个冷幽默的玩笑。”

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FROM THOUGHTS TO WORDS

Casey Harrell's brain-computer interface extracts neural signals from his brain and, through a few key steps, transforms them into words. Electrodes implanted in Harrell's speech motor cortex detect neurons' electrical signals (1), generating raw neural data (2). Advanced machine learning efforts (3) map chunks of the data to phonemes, the building blocks of words (4). Those phonemes are then assembled into sentences by a predictive language model, or LM (5), and put on a screen where they can be read or spoken.

speak words, prompting his motor cortex to send signals to his body. The implanted electrodes would detect the patterns and send them to a computer to interpret. With this work-around, it didn't matter that Harrell's muscles didn't get the message; the computer would.

After Harrell had recovered from surgery, researchers began testing the system in his home. They collected his neural data and streamed it to computers on a nearby cart, where machine learning algorithms attempted to match Harrell's brain activity patterns to those that predictably occur with certain sounds. Called phonemes, these sound units are the building blocks of words. The algorithm assembled the phonemes into words, as it made its best guess about what Harrell was trying to say. To limit the computational power required, the algorithm used a vocabulary of just 50 words.

When the system was plugged in and ready to go, scientists asked Harrell to try and say a specific, random sentence built from that library: "What good is that?"

Harrell got to work. His eyebrows shot up as he saw the words appear on a screen in front of him in response to his thoughts. The decoder worked.

Everyone paused. Some of the researchers started to cry. Harrell and his family became emotional. Being in the room when the switch was flipped on was “incredible,” Brandman says. “The majority of my adult life was working up to that moment, and to see it come to fruition was an incredible experience. But more than that was seeing what impact it immediately had for Casey and his family.”

Harrell remembers his feelings that day, too: "Pure joy." Even though he wasn't choosing his words for that first test, "it was a profound moment," he says. "The possibilities for the near future for me and the rest of humanity were overwhelming to realize."

The second day of testing was even more profound, but in a personal way. This time, the system's algorithm was using a vocabulary of over 125,000 words. This would be more challenging for the decoder, but it would give Harrell more autonomy to say what he wanted.

Harrell started the session with a joke, Hochberg recalls, along the lines of, “Is this thing on?” But his next line was a real puzzler: “I’m looking for a cheetah.”

Hochberg, who had joined remotely on a video call, was sure it was a mistake. “There’s no way that the second sentence on the second day of using a brain-to-computer interface is going to say anything about a cheetah," Hochberg says. "That's obviously a decoding error."

But there was something the scientist couldn't see. Harrell's 4-year-old daughter had bounded into the room, dressed as a cheetah.

The discovery was big scientifically, but it was bigger for what it represented to Harrell. Brain technology could restore not just his words, but also the spontaneous exchanges that had once made up his everyday life.

"It was so amazing to be able to be understood right from the get-go and to be able to talk and respond to my daughter," Harrell says, "especially because that was lacking completely from my life."

Hochberg says moments like that represent the promise that brain-computer interfaces hold. "To me, seeing it work that quickly and that powerfully really, really emphasized that these are technologies that are going to be able to restore not only activities of daily living," he says, "but they're going to restore communication between parent and child."

Harrell uses his interface to send email and Slack messages and play Wordle with his wife and child. He uses it to work; in fact, he's just getting started on a new climate consultancy project. Harrell's interface has connected him to the world in a way that would have been impossible even a few years ago.

But the system is still a research device. And like any early design, it comes with limitations. First, it isn't portable; Harrell has wires coming from a port that sits on the top of his head, and he can use it only at home. And it is slow by the standards of typical conversation. You can't tell from the written transcript of our interview, but our conversations always came with built-in delays.

For example, as we chatted, we discovered that we had both worked in the same part of Washington, D.C. I asked him if he remembered his old address. The answer came some two minutes later.

"I make a very simple analogy where I talk about having the brain-to-computer interface being akin to trying to catch a train, running to get the last car before it leaves the station," Harrell says. With the current interface, "if people are patient and wait for my sentence correction, I can [catch the train and] be a part of the conversation."

Harrell's system translates his neural activity into words on a screen. If he chooses to do so, he can then use a computerized voice to say the words out loud. “It is brain-to-text, and then it gets translated to the voice,” Harrell says. A brain-to-voice system, in which a person’s thoughts are translated directly into spoken words, he adds, “is the holy grail of what this will become.”

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寻找猎豹

对我们大多数人来说，说话感觉毫不费力，但仅仅说一声“你好”就涉及一系列广泛的动作——以及 100 块以上的肌肉。“这极其复杂且精细，实际上是一项令人惊叹的人类成就，”皮耶特罗夫斯基说。

以“hello”中的“h”音为例。这个音被称为声门擦音，它涉及一系列微小动作的协同。首先，横膈膜收缩使肺部充满空气。胸部和腹部肌肉将空气向上推，经过放松的声带和周围组织。这股气流随后进入口腔，在那里，嘴唇、下颌和舌头执行复杂的动作序列，从而创造出声音的其余部分。最后，形状完美的空气波从口中荡漾而出。皮耶特罗夫斯基说，只有在此时，“你才拥有了语言”。

但这种近乎奇迹的转变始于大脑，在那里，微小的电神经脉冲命令身体说话。在哈雷尔的试验中，他会尝试

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More than words

Harrell and the scientists working with him are getting closer to this very type of real-time communication. Last year in Nature, they debuted a new algorithm that attempted to turn Harrell's brain signals straight into sounds. The results: He could speak his mind with a delay of just 10 milliseconds. That's very close to a real-time conversation. But the sounds Harrell made were hard to understand, with just over half of them being intelligible to listeners.

The next generation of devices aims to do better. Willsey, the University of Michigan neurosurgeon, is working on one such device, a fully implantable array. In June, he implanted what's called the "cortical module," about the size of a dime, in the brain of a 68-year-old woman. Like Harrell, the woman could no longer talk in a way that most people could understand.

Unlike the BrainGate system, this new device—made by Austin, Texas-based neurotechnology company Paradromics—is portable. Surgeons implanted it in a stretch of brain tissue that made up the woman's speech motor cortex, along the precentral gyrus. The cortical module collects neural data and sends it to another device implanted in the chest called a

signals shoot to a receiver on her chest, where the data gets transformed into sounds — spoken words that play out of speakers on a nearby computer.

Paradromics' priority is to test whether the implant is safe. If so, scientists can turn to the goal of restoring speech in real time. "The moment that you're thinking the words, you don't have to wait for the sentence to complete," says Willsey, who, like Brandman, is a site investigator for the

Paradromics clinical trial. “You can let the words kind of flow out as they would in a normal conversation.”

Scientists also want to decode more than words. Qualities of voice, such as pitch, are important for marking questions, says Vikash Gilja, a Paradromics neuroscientist. Speakers can also alter or pace their conversation to show sarcasm or concern. These sounds are all made by moving muscles, Gilja says, and can therefore be decoded from the brain.

"Our near-term goal right now is just to restore speech," says Paradromics neurosurgeon Stephen Ryu. "But eventually, we're hoping that we can actually restore someone's ability to be fully involved in a conversation, to basically decode things like their timing, their emotions, their personality."

Other researchers are trying to incorporate the gestures that many of us unwittingly use to communicate.

"Some gestures can substitute for speech entirely, like nodding yes, shaking your head no, waving, shrugging, giving a thumbs up," says bioengineer Samantha Brosler of the University of California, San Fransico. Gestures can also change the meaning of words; a "maybe" with a head nod is close to a yes, for instance. "I think of gestures and body movements as an additional communication channel that can work together with speech," Brosler says.

In a new study, Brosler and colleagues enabled two people with paralysis who had lost their speaking ability to instead use their brain signals to control both the words and gestures of digi-

This dime-sized brain implant, made by Paradromics, holds 421 electrodes that can detect speech signals.

tal avatars. The advance, reported in September in Nature Neuroscience, adds to the repertoire of signals that could be decoded and turned into action.

And as all this is happening, scientists are creating smaller, more stable types of electrodes to embed in the brain; more powerful computational algorithms to handle larger amounts of data; and better models of how those signals relate to sounds, words and gestures, Gilja says. “We can see all the pieces coming together.”

There are many reasons to be optimistic about the future, says Brandman, who is an investigator for the clinical trial led by Paradromics. “I think I’m about five years away from being able to meet a patient with ALS and having the following conversation,” he says. “‘Ms. Smith, I’m sorry you’ve been diagnosed with ALS. I don’t have a cure for you, but I do have a device that I can implant that can help you communicate.’”

That conversation is tantalizing. But there are no guarantees that these systems will work as hoped, or that they will be widely available. Such implants would probably come with hefty price tags, invasive brain surgeries and perhaps more demand than the few capable clinicians and technologists could meet.

And there are underlying questions about the brain itself. One concern is that changes to the brain over time might render neural signals unreliable, especially as diseases progress. If that happens, a person's interface might produce a scrambled message—or be left without enough neural data to decode.

"These are real challenges, and the field is working on them," Stavisky says. "But they're not solved yet."

Despite these hurdles, the push for voice-restoring technology can't come soon enough for people who have lost theirs. In September, researchers reported that the woman with the Paradromics implant had a message for them. "OK," she used her brain-computer interface to tell researchers. "I have a

A Michigan woman used the Paradromics brain-computer interface to talk with neurosurgeon Matthew Willsey, who implanted her device in June. "I want to thank you for all you have done for me," she told him.

lot to say." With her system, she was able to call her grandchildren on the telephone.

And Harrell is now living a life that looks very different from the one he might have imagined six years ago. Although his disease keeps him close to home, he can now share his thoughts with the world—and his family—instead of locking them away inside.

"The ability to scream when you are running and want to get out some stress, the ability to say sweet nothings into your partner's ear," Harrell says. "These are the things that life is all about, and when you are robbed of those times, you want them back at all costs. And this is why this is good enough for now."

But he too has a vision, a day when these devices are commonplace, “when I am one of many, instead of being one of one.” ✗

\- For more about the human voice and to hear from Casey Harrell himself, listen to The Deep End podcast Season Two, called Talk to Me. It's free wherever you get your podcasts.

从思想变为文字

凯西·哈雷尔（Casey Harrell）的脑机接口从他的大脑中提取神经信号，并通过几个关键步骤将其转化为文字。植入哈雷尔语言运动皮层的电极检测神经元的电信号 (1)，生成原始神经数据 (2)。先进的机器学习工作 (3) 将数据块映射到音位（phonemes），即构成单词的基本单位 (4)。随后，这些音位由一个预测语言模型（LM）(5) 组装成句子，并显示在屏幕上，以便阅读或朗读。

说出单词，促使他的运动皮层向身体发送信号。植入的电极会检测这些模式并将其发送到计算机进行解析。通过这种替代方案，哈雷尔的肌肉是否收到信息已经不再重要；计算机会收到。

在哈雷尔从手术中康复后，研究人员开始在他家中测试该系统。他们收集他的神经数据，并将其流式传输到附近推车上的计算机中，在那里，机器学习算法试图将哈雷尔的大脑活动模式与某些声音可预测出现的模式进行匹配。这些声音单位被称为音位，是构成单词的基本单位。算法在对哈雷尔试图表达的内容做出最佳猜测的同时，将音位组装成单词。为了限制所需的计算能力，该算法仅使用了 50 个单词的词汇量。

当系统接通并准备就绪时，科学家要求哈雷尔尝试说出一个由该词库构建的特定的随机句子：“那有什么用？”（What good is that?）

哈雷尔开始尝试。当他看到屏幕上出现响应其思想的文字时，他的眉毛挑了起来。解码器起作用了。

所有人都停了下来。一些研究人员开始流泪。哈雷尔和他的家人情绪激动。布兰德曼（Brandman）说，在开关开启的那一刻身处房间里是“不可思议的”。“我成年后的大部分生活都在为那一刻做准备，看到它开花结果是一次难以置信的经历。但更重要的是，看到它立即给凯西及其家人带来的影响。”

哈雷尔也记得那一天的感受：“纯粹的喜悦。”尽管在第一次测试中他并不是在自主选择词汇，但他说，“那是一个深刻的时刻。意识到我以及全人类在不久的将来所拥有的可能性，令人震撼。”

测试的第二天更加深刻，但是以一种私人化的方式。这一次，系统的算法使用了超过 125,000 个单词的词汇量。这对解码器来说更具挑战性，但它能给哈雷尔更多的自主权来说出他想说的话。

霍希伯格（Hochberg）回忆道，哈雷尔以一个笑话开始了这次环节，大概是：“这东西开机了吗？”但他的下一句话却让人大惑不解：“我在找一只猎豹。”

通过视频通话远程加入的霍希伯格确信这是一个错误。“在使用脑机接口的第二天，第二句话绝对不可能提到猎豹，”霍希伯格说。“这显然是一个解码错误。”

但有些事情是这位科学家看不到的。哈雷尔 4 岁的女儿穿着一件猎豹装，蹦蹦跳跳地跑进了房间。

这一发现在科学上意义重大，但对于它在哈雷尔心中代表的意义而言则更为重大。大脑技术不仅能恢复他的语言，还能恢复曾经构成他日常生活的自发性交流。

“能够从一开始就被理解，能够与我的女儿交谈并回应她，这太神奇了，”哈雷尔说，“尤其是因为这在我的生活中完全缺失了。”

霍希伯格表示，这样的时刻代表了脑机接口所蕴含的希望。“对我来说，看到它能如此快速且强有力地发挥作用，真的非常深刻地强调了这些技术不仅能够恢复日常生活活动，”他说，“而且它们将恢复父母与孩子之间的沟通。”

哈雷尔使用他的接口发送电子邮件和 Slack 消息，并与妻子和孩子一起玩 Wordle。他用它来工作；事实上，他刚刚开始一个全新的气候咨询项目。哈雷尔的接口让他以一种在几年前还不可能实现的方式与世界建立了联系。

但该系统目前仍是一台研究设备。就像任何早期设计一样，它存在局限性。首先，它不具备便携性；哈雷尔的头部顶端有一个端口，从中延伸出电线，他只能在家里使用。而且按照典型对话的标准来看，它的速度很慢。从我们采访的文字记录中看不出来，但我们的对话总是伴随着固有的延迟。

例如，在我们聊天时，我们发现我们都曾在华盛顿特区的同一个区域工作过。我问他是否记得旧地址。答案在约两分钟后才给出。

“我做了一个非常简单的类比，我认为拥有脑机接口就像是在尝试赶火车，在火车离开车站之前奔向最后一节车厢，”哈雷尔说。使用目前的接口，“如果人们有耐心等待我的句子修正，我就能[赶上火车]并参与到对话中。”

哈雷尔的系统将他的神经活动转化为屏幕上的文字。如果他愿意，可以使用计算机合成的声音将这些文字大声读出来。“这是‘脑到文本’，然后被转化为声音，”哈雷尔说。他补充道，一种能将人的想法直接转化为口语的“脑到语音”系统，“将是这项技术最终实现的最高目标。”

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不止于言语

哈雷尔及其合作科学家们正日益接近这种实时通信。去年在《自然》（Nature）杂志上，他们首次展示了一种新算法，试图将哈雷尔的大脑信号直接转化为声音。结果显示：他能够表达心意，延迟仅为 10 毫秒。这已经非常接近实时对话。但哈雷尔发出的声音难以理解，只有略多于一半的内容能被听者听懂。

下一代设备旨在取得更好的效果。密歇根大学的神经外科医生威尔西（Willsey）正在研发这样一种设备——一个完全可植入的阵列。今年 6 月，他在一名 68 岁女性的大脑中植入了一个被称为“皮层模块”的装置，其大小约如一枚 10 美分硬币。与哈雷尔一样，这名女性已无法以大多数人能理解的方式说话。

与 BrainGate 系统不同，这款由总部位于德克萨斯州奥斯汀的神经技术公司 Paradromics 制造的新设备具有便携性。外科医生将其植入在该女性大脑中构成语言运动皮层的组织区域，即中央前回沿。皮层模块收集神经数据，并将其发送到植入在胸部的另一个设备，称为一个

信号被发送到她胸前的接收器，在那里数据被转化为声音——即从附近计算机的扬声器中播放出的口语词汇。

Paradromics 的首要任务是测试该植入物是否安全。如果安全，科学家就可以转向实现实时恢复语言的目标。“在你思考词汇的那一刻，你不需要等待句子完成，”威尔西说道，他与布兰德曼（Brandman）一样，都是 Paradromics 临床试验的现场研究员。“你可以让词汇像在正常对话中那样自然地流出。”

科学家还希望解码的内容不止于词汇。Paradromics 的神经科学家维卡什·吉尔贾（Vikash Gilja）表示，声音的特质（如音高）对于标记疑问句至关重要。说话者还可以通过改变对话的语气或节奏来表达讽刺或关切。吉尔贾说，这些声音都是通过肌肉运动产生的，因此可以从大脑中解码。

“我们目前的短期目标仅仅是恢复语言，”Paradromics 的神经外科医生斯蒂芬·柳（Stephen Ryu）说。“但最终，我们希望能够真正恢复一个人完全参与对话的能力，基本上能够解码诸如时机、情感和个性之类的信息。”

其他研究人员则试图将许多人在无意识中用于交流的手势纳入其中。

“某些手势可以完全替代语言，比如点头表示‘是’，摇头表示‘不’，挥手、耸肩或竖起大拇指，”加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的生物工程师萨曼莎·布罗斯勒（Samantha Brosler）说道。手势还可以改变词语的含义；例如，伴随点头的“也许”就接近于“是”。“我认为手势和身体动作是一个额外的通信渠道，可以与语言协同工作，”布罗斯勒说。

在一项新研究中，布罗斯勒及其同事使两名失去说话能力的瘫痪患者能够利用大脑信号来控制数字虚拟人的词汇和手势。这项于 9 月发表在《自然-神经科学》（Nature Neuroscience）上的进展，增加了可被解码并转化为行动的信号库。

吉尔贾表示，在这一切发生的同时，科学家们正在创造更小、更稳定的脑内嵌入式电极；更强大的计算算法以处理海量数据；以及关于这些信号如何与声音、词汇和手势相关联的更佳模型。“我们可以看到所有碎片正在拼凑在一起。”

这个由 Paradromics 制造的硬币大小的脑植入物包含 421 个电极，可以检测语言信号。

布兰德曼表示，有许多理由对未来保持乐观，他是由 Paradromics 领导的临床试验的一名研究员。“我认为，大约五年后我就能面对一名 ALS（渐冻症）患者并进行如下对话，”他说。“‘史密斯女士，很遗憾您被诊断出患有 ALS。我无法为您提供治愈方法，但我有一种可以植入的设备，能帮助您进行交流。’”

这段对话令人向往。但目前无法保证这些系统能如预期般运作，也无法保证它们能被广泛普及。此类植入物可能会伴随着昂贵的费用、侵入性的脑手术，而且需求量可能会超过少数具备能力的临床医生和技术人员所能提供的服务。

此外，关于大脑本身还存在一些潜在问题。其中一个担忧是，大脑随时间产生的变化可能会导致神经信号变得不可靠，尤其是在疾病进展的过程中。如果发生这种情况，一个人的接口可能会产生混乱的信息——或者因为缺乏足够的神经数据而无法解码。

“这些是现实的挑战，该领域正在致力于解决这些问题，”斯塔维斯基说。“但它们尚未被解决。”

尽管存在这些障碍，但对于那些失去语言能力的人来说，恢复语音技术的推进越快越好。9 月，研究人员报告称，一名植入了 Paradromics 植入物的女性向他们传达了一条信息。“好的，”她通过脑机接口告诉研究人员，“我有

一名密歇根州女性使用 Paradromics 脑机接口与神经外科医生马修·威尔西（Matthew Willsey）交谈，后者在 6 月为其植入了设备。“我想感谢您为我所做的一切，”她告诉他。

很多话要说。”利用这套系统，她能够通过电话给她的孙辈打电话。

而哈雷尔现在的生活与他六年前可能想象的生活截然不同。虽然疾病让他不得不留在家里，但现在他可以将自己的想法分享给世界——以及他的家人——而不是将它们锁在内心深处。

“当你奔跑并想要释放压力时能够大声尖叫的能力，在伴侣耳边低语情话的能力，”哈雷尔说。“这些才是生活的全部，当你被剥夺了这些时刻，你会不惜一切代价想要找回它们。这就是为什么目前这样就已经足够好了。”

但他也有一个愿景，即有一天这些设备会变得普及，“那时我将是众多使用者中的一员，而不是唯一的特例。” ✗

欲了解更多关于人类声音的信息并聆听凯西·哈雷尔本人的讲述，请收听《The Deep End》播客第二季，名为《Talk to Me》。您可以在任何播客平台免费收听。

一个全新的

📄 Original Section

wo months before the treatment that would change Lynn Montgomery-Haga's life, she could barely walk down a hallway.

In a test at the University of Colorado Anschutz, Montgomery-Haga struggled to walk 25 feet, often reaching out to the walls for support. Usually, the 49-year-old relied on her walker or wheelchair. “She had a very stiff, hesitant gait,” says Montgomery-Haga’s neurologist, Amanda Piquet.

For about a decade, Montgomery-Haga had lived with a debilitating autoimmune disease known as stiff person syndrome. The progressive condition can lock up the body's muscles without warning, leading to falls, broken bones, excruciating pain and difficulty moving. Singer Celine Dion, who returned to the stage in September after years of battling the disease, has said it can feel “like somebody’s strangling you.”

Montgomery-Haga's own days were marked by dizziness, fatigue and pain. And sudden muscle spasms would send her sprawling. It was like the fainting goat videos popular on the internet, she says. "They get surprised and they fall over, and there's nothing they can do about it."

But stiff person syndrome is no joke. It stripped Montgomery-Haga of her accounting job and her ability to drive. She couldn't sit up in bed unless she had a safety bar to pull on. If she dropped the soap in the shower, it'd take her 10 minutes to pick it up.

Now, Montgomery-Haga hopes those struggles are finally coming to an end. That's because a clinical trial with an experimental therapy has helped restore mobility for her — and others like her. She can stride through her living room again. She can landscape her front yard. She doesn't have to brace herself when her dogs jump on her. And she hasn't fallen once since the treatment. The change has been drastic, she says. "I'm just really excited about the future."

The treatment, a type of CAR T cell therapy, extracts immune cells from a person's body and engineers them to attack the very cells causing the disease. First used to fight cancer, CAR T is now also targeting a variety of autoimmune diseases. If given the green light by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Montgomery-Haga's treatment would be the first such therapy approved for an autoimmune condition—and it would be the first approved treatment for stiff person syndrome.

Stiff person syndrome may be just the beginning, says Carl June, the University of Pennsylvania immunologist and oncologist who spearheaded CAR T cell therapy for cancer decades ago. The “living drug” could herald a new era of therapeutics for autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and even multiple sclerosis. “It’s revolutionary to think how far things have gone,” June says.

But he warns that it's far too early to know if scientists have definitively cured stiff person syndrome. And there haven't been enough people treated to get a good handle on all the possible side effects. "There could be long-term complications in autoimmune patients that don't happen in our cancer patients," he says. Other researchers urge caution. "It's very important not to oversell it," says Marc Scherlinger, a rheumatologist at Strasbourg University Hospital in France.

For Piquet, one crucial question is how long the treatment will last. In Montgomery-Haga's case, the answer seems to be at least two years. Montgomery-Haga still considers herself disabled, or “disabled-ish,” as she calls it. But when rating how she used to feel on a scale of one to 10, she'd put herself at a zero before treatment, she says. These days, she's more like a seven.

What's more, Montgomery-Haga says, "I think I'm still improving."

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未来

一种革命性的疗法可能很快将改变自身免疫性疾病的进程

作者：梅根·罗森 (Meghan Rosen)

摄影：亚伦·昂蒂韦罗斯 (Aaron Ontiveroz)

在改变林恩·蒙哥马利-哈加 (Lynn Montgomery-Haga) 生活的治疗开始前两个月，她几乎无法在走廊里行走。

在科罗拉多大学安舒茨医学中心 (University of Colorado Anschutz) 的一项测试中，蒙哥马利-哈加艰难地行走 25 英尺，经常伸手扶墙以寻求支撑。通常情况下，这位 49 岁的女性依赖助行器或轮椅。“她的步态非常僵硬且犹豫，”蒙哥马利-哈加的神经内科医生阿曼达·皮凯特 (Amanda Piquet) 说道。

大约十年间，蒙哥马利-哈加一直患有一种名为“僵人综合征” (stiff person syndrome) 的致残性自身免疫性疾病。这种进行性疾病会在毫无预警的情况下使身体肌肉僵硬，导致跌倒、骨折、剧痛以及行动困难。歌手席琳·迪翁 (Celine Dion) 在与该病斗争多年后于 9 月重返舞台，她曾表示这种感觉“就像有人在掐你的脖子”。

蒙哥马利-哈加的日常生活则被眩晕、疲劳和疼痛所笼罩。突然的肌肉痉挛会让她瘫倒在地。她说，这就像互联网上流行的“晕倒山羊”视频一样，“它们被惊吓后就会倒下，对此无能为力”。

但僵人综合征绝非玩笑。它夺走了蒙哥马利-哈加的会计工作和驾驶能力。除非有安全扶手可以拉住，否则她无法在床上坐起来。如果在洗澡时掉了一块肥皂，她需要花 10 分钟才能把它捡起来。

现在，蒙哥马利-哈加希望这些苦难终于要结束了。因为一项实验性疗法的临床试验帮助她以及其他像她一样的人恢复了行动能力。她能再次大步走过客厅，能打理前院的景观，在狗跳到她身上时不再需要撑住身体。而且自治疗以来，她一次也没有跌倒。她说，这种变化是巨大的，“我对未来感到非常兴奋”。

这种治疗方法是一种 CAR T 细胞疗法，它从人体中提取免疫细胞，并对其进行工程化改造，使其攻击导致疾病的特定细胞。CAR T 最初用于抗癌，现在也开始针对多种自身免疫性疾病。如果获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 的批准，蒙哥马利-哈加所接受的治疗将成为首个获批用于自身免疫状况的此类疗法——也将成为首个获批治疗僵人综合征的疗法。

宾夕法尼亚大学的免疫学家兼肿瘤学家卡尔·朱恩 (Carl June) 表示，僵人综合征可能仅仅是个开始。他几十年前率先开展了用于癌症的 CAR T 细胞疗法。这种“活药”可能预示着治疗红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎甚至多发性硬化症等自身免疫性疾病的新时代。“想到事情已经发展到这个地步，真是革命性的，”朱恩说道。

但他警告说，现在断定科学家是否已经彻底治愈了僵人综合征还为时过早。而且接受治疗的人数还不足以全面掌握所有可能的副作用。他说：“自身免疫性疾病患者可能会出现癌症患者身上没有的长期并发症。”其他研究人员也敦促保持谨慎。法国斯特拉斯堡大学医院的风湿病专家马克·谢林格 (Marc Scherlinger) 表示：“非常重要的一点是不要过度宣传。”

对于皮凯特来说，一个关键问题是治疗效果能持续多久。在蒙哥马利-哈加的案例中，答案似乎至少是两年。蒙哥马利-哈加仍然认为自己是残疾的，或者用她的原话说是“有点残疾”。但她说，如果用 1 到 10, 分来评价她以前的感受，治疗前她会给自己打 0 分。而现在，她大约在 7 分左右。

此外，蒙哥马利-哈加说：“我认为我还在好转。”

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📄 Original Section

No approved therapies

There's no single symptom that clued Montgomery-Haga in to her disease. In 2014, she started having difficulty picking things up off the floor. Then her boss asked her why she was limping — Montgomery-Haga hadn't noticed. Her balance was off and her head felt weird, like “I was walking around in a fish-bowl,” she says. It got to the point where Montgomery-Haga had difficulty crossing thresholds between rooms.

Montgomery-Haga would startle easily, prompting her body to stiffen up like a board. One time when cooking, she burned her finger, spasmed and collapsed, cracking the back of her head on the cabinets. She lay on the floor crying, but finally managed to right herself. "As soon as you hit the floor," she says, "your muscles are like, 'Fine,' and you can get up again."

Those unpredictable symptoms capture a slice of what life is like with stiff person syndrome, or SPS. The disease, which affects roughly 2 in 100,000 people in the United States, typically develops in a person's 30s or 40s. It is about twice as common in women as in men.

Scientists don't know what sets off the disease. But they think a person's own antibodies start attacking a neurological network that helps muscles throughout the body relax. And when those tensed muscles are in opposition, like the biceps and triceps, they start fighting one another, Piquet says. That's when people can end up in a stuck position, leading to stiffness. But because everyone's immune system is different, patients' experiences with the disease can vary greatly.

For Tara Zier, a former dentist based in Maryland, SPS started with extreme neck pain, blood pressure spikes, shortness of breath and feelings of impending doom. While some people struggle with mobility, Zier's difficulties include standing and extreme fatigue. When she holds herself upright, her muscles clamp down on her spine like it's in a vise. "Have you ever had a charley horse in your calf?" she asks. "Imagine one in your whole body that stops you in your tracks."

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无经批准的疗法

并没有单一的症状能让蒙哥马利-哈加意识到自己患病。2014年，她开始发现从地板上捡东西变得困难。随后，她的老板问她为什么在跛行——而蒙哥马利-哈加此前并未察觉。她的平衡感失调，头部感觉很奇怪，她说就像是“走在一个鱼缸里”一样。情况严重到蒙哥马利-哈加在跨越房间门槛时都感到困难。

蒙哥马利-哈加很容易受惊，这会导致她的身体像木板一样僵硬。有一次在做饭时，她烫伤了手指，随即发生痉挛并倒地，后脑勺撞在了橱柜上。她躺在地上哭泣，但最终设法让自己重新站了起来。“一旦你倒在地上，”她说，“你的肌肉就像在说‘好吧’，然后你就能再次站起来了。”

这些不可预测的症状揭示了患有僵人综合征（SPS）的生活片段。这种疾病在美国大约每100,000人中影响2人，通常在一个人30或40岁时发病。女性的发病率大约是男性的两倍。

科学家们尚不清楚是什么诱发了这种疾病。但他们认为，人体自身的抗体开始攻击一个帮助全身肌肉放松的神经网络。皮凯表示，当这些紧张的肌肉处于拮抗状态时（例如肱二头肌和肱三头肌），它们会开始相互对抗。这时人们可能会陷入一种僵住的状态，从而导致僵硬。但由于每个人的免疫系统都不同，患者对该病的体验差异很大。

对于住在马里兰州的前牙医塔拉·齐尔来说，SPS始于极度的颈部疼痛、血压飙升、呼吸短促以及一种大难临头的恐惧感。虽然有些人难以行动，但齐尔的困难在于站立和极度疲劳。当她保持直立时，她的肌肉像虎钳一样紧紧夹住她的脊柱。“你小腿抽筋过吗？”她问道，“想象一下全身都抽筋，让你瞬间停在原地。”

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📄 Original Section

HOW CAR T CELL THERAPY WORKS

① Harvesting T cells

Doctors collect T cells from the patient's blood.

② Making CAR T cells

Scientists genetically engineer T cells to make B cell-targeting CAR T cells.

③ Growing CAR T cells

Scientists grow millions of these CAR T cells in the lab.

④ Infusing CAR T cells After low-dose chemotherapy, doctors infuse the new cells into the patient's body.

⑤ Destroying B cells Inside the body, CAR T cells destroy both healthy (green) and harmful (purple) B cells.

⑥ Creating new B cells

Over a period of months, the patient's body generates healthy new B cells.

The CAR T cell therapy Lynn Montgomery-Haga received wipes out B cells, including the ones likely driving her disease. Doctors hope this therapy “resets” her immune system, getting rid of harmful B cells and letting healthy new ones take their place.

Zier and Montgomery-Haga went years before learning what was behind their symptoms. Their cases mystified doctors—Zier saw 13 specialists and visited the emergency room nine times before getting a diagnosis. When she finally found out she had SPS three years after her first symptoms, Zier says she felt validated, like medicine was confirming what she already knew: “Something’s wrong with me.”

Montgomery-Haga's 2018 diagnosis put her “over the moon,” she says. For nearly four years, she had gotten sicker and sicker—but doctors couldn't tell her why. She felt as if they were giving up on her. With the diagnosis, Montgomery-Haga not only learned that SPS existed, she says, “I was told it’s treatable.”

Current treatments include muscle relaxers, anti-seizure medications and Botox injections in body parts that feel especially stiff. Although these off-label therapies can address people's symptoms, they're “doing nothing to treat the underlying autoimmune disease,” Piquet says. And some can come with potent side effects, like mental fog.

Zier, who has tried multiple combinations of different meds, remembers frequently losing her train of thought. She has since tapered off all but one drug, a low dose of Valium. “The trade-off,” she says, “is pain.”

People with SPS can also receive intravenous infusions of healthy antibodies, a treatment called IVIG, to decrease muscle spasms and stiffness. Montgomery-Haga found it helpful but time-consuming. She'd go to the clinic every three weeks for an infusion, which could take up to six hours.

"The bottom line is there are no FDA-approved therapies for this disease," Piquet says. Now, the one most likely to cross the finish line first is something no one would have expected even a few years ago, CAR T pioneer June says. If you told doctors that CAR T cell therapy was going to be FDA approved for an autoimmune disease, he says, "people would have laughed."

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CAR T 细胞疗法的工作原理

① 采集 T 细胞

医生从患者的血液中采集 T 细胞。

② 制造 CAR T 细胞

科学家通过基因工程改造 T 细胞，使其成为靶向 B 细胞的 T 细胞。

③ 培养 T 细胞

科学家在实验室中培养数百万个此类 T 细胞。

④ 输注 T 细胞

在进行低剂量化疗后，医生将这些新细胞输注到患者体内。

⑤ 摧毁 B 细胞

在体内， T 细胞会摧毁健康的（绿色）和有害的（紫色）B 细胞。

⑥ 生成新的 B 细胞

在数月的时间里，患者的身体会生成健康的 B 细胞。

林恩·蒙哥马利-哈加（Lynn Montgomery-Haga）接受的 T 细胞疗法会清除 B 细胞，包括那些可能驱动其疾病的细胞。医生希望这种疗法能“重启”她的免疫系统，清除有害的 B 细胞，并让健康的 B 细胞取而代之。

齐尔（Zier）和蒙哥马利-哈加在得知症状背后的原因之前，经历了数年的等待。她们的病例让医生们感到困惑——齐尔在获得诊断之前，就诊了 13 位专家并去了九次急诊室。在首次出现症状三年后，当她最终发现自己患有 SPS 时，齐尔说她感到得到了认可，就像医学证实了她早已知道的事实：“我的身体出问题了。”

蒙哥马利-哈加说，2018 年的诊断让她“欣喜若狂”。近四年间，她的病情越来越严重，但医生无法告诉她原因。她觉得他们在放弃她。随着诊断结果的出炉，蒙哥马利-哈加不仅了解到 SPS 的存在，她还说，“我被告知这是可以治疗的。”

目前的治疗方法包括肌肉松弛剂、抗惊厥药物以及在感觉特别僵硬的身体部位注射肉毒杆菌毒素。皮凯（Piquet）表示，虽然这些超适应症疗法可以缓解症状，但它们“对于治疗潜在的自身免疫性疾病毫无作用”。而且有些药物会带来强烈的副作用，例如认知模糊（mental fog）。

尝试过多种药物组合的齐尔记得，她经常在说话时突然忘词。此后，她逐渐停用了除一种药物（低剂量安定）以外的所有药物。她说：“代价就是疼痛。”

SPS 患者还可以接受健康抗体的静脉输注（一种称为 IVIG 的疗法），以减轻肌肉痉挛和僵硬。蒙哥马利-哈加发现这种方法有效，但非常耗时。她每三周要去诊所进行一次输注，每次可能需要长达六个小时。

“底线是，目前还没有 FDA 批准的针对这种疾病的疗法，”皮凯说。现在，最有可能率先完成审批的疗法是几年前没人能预料到的方案， T 先驱朱恩（June）表示。他说，如果你告诉医生 T 细胞疗法将获得 FDA 批准用于治疗自身免疫性疾病，“人们会觉得你在开玩笑”。

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研究中的疾病

除了僵人综合征，科学家还在临床试验中测试用于治疗其他自身免疫性疾病的不同 T 细胞疗法，包括：

肉芽肿性多血管炎

特发性炎症性肌病

特发性血小板减少性紫癜

重症肌无力

多发性硬化症

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病

类风湿性关节炎

系统性红斑狼疮

系统性硬化症

溃疡性结肠炎

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To catch a killer

June may be best known for his work in cancer, but he's been keenly following the progress in autoimmune therapy. His daughter, now in her 30s, was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis when she was 9 years old. For her, that's meant over 20 years of treatment with drugs that bring a bundle of side effects, such as fatigue and risk of infections. "It would be much better to be cured," he says.

In autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and SPS, a person's own antibodies attack tissues throughout the body, from blood vessels to cartilage to neurons. Wiping out these rogue antibodies can stop the attacks. But CAR T cell therapy doesn't act on the antibodies themselves. It goes straight to the source, snuffing out the cellular factories that manufacture them.

Those antibody factories are known as B cells. To eliminate them, doctors recruit T cells, which act as the body's security system and work together to hunt down and destroy problematic cells. In the lab, scientists fine-tune these hunters, outfitting them with a molecular homing device called a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR. When infused back into patients' bodies, the newly-engineered T cells can target the antibody factories directly — like a saboteur told exactly what to destroy.

"The secret behind CAR T cell therapy is that you completely deplete B cells in the body," says Georg Schett, a rheumatologist at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg in Germany. Temporarily wiping out a person's B cells lets the body replace them with fresh, unproblematic ones, Schett says. He calls it an "immune reset."

CAR T cell therapy got its start in the 2010s, when researchers used engineered T cells to target cancer. In 2017, the FDA approved the first CAR T cell therapies for two blood cancers, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and large B cell lymphoma. Soon after, scientists saw the first tantalizing hints that it might work for autoimmune diseases, too. In some cases, cancer patients with autoimmune disorders reported improvements in both conditions after treatment.

But most researchers didn't think it could be that easy, Schett says. After all, autoimmune diseases were driven by a complex network of cell types. How could targeting just one of them work?

That thinking underwent a paradigm shift in 2021 when Schett and his team published the first major paper reporting a successful treatment with the therapy. The patient was a 20-year-old woman with a severe case of lupus, a complex, sometimes-fatal illness that can damage the kidneys and other organs. Within five weeks of CAR T cell therapy treatment, signs of her disease began to vanish.

Results like these were “unheard of,” says rheumatologist Maximilian König of Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore. Lupus is extremely difficult to treat, and for decades, most drugs tested against it failed. No one had ever seen the kind of improvements that Schett’s patient experienced.

After the paper came out, “everybody was talking about it,” Konig says. Today, more than five years later, the woman’s lupus hasn’t returned, Schett says. “We consider this patient cured,” he says.

The woman's response was no fluke. The following year, Schett's team reported similar results in five more lupus patients. All went into remission after CAR T cell therapy.

It took Tara Zier three years, nine visits to the ER and 13 specialists before getting diagnosed with SPS.

This was the true tipping point, June says. “It’s rare, very rare, that you get such striking results.”

What followed was an explosion of research around the world. Scientists are now testing CAR T cell therapy in nearly a dozen autoimmune diseases linked to harmful B cells, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and a connective-tissue disease known as systemic sclerosis.

Kyverna, the California-based company behind the SPS trial, is also running trials for neurological autoimmune conditions including generalized myasthenia gravis and progressive multiple sclerosis, or MS.

One reason using CAR T cell therapy for neurological conditions excites researchers is because of the cells' potential to slip past the blood-brain barrier. That means they might be able to access pockets of smoldering inflammation inaccessible to other drugs, says neurologist Rebecca Farber of Columbia University.

That could be a huge help in diseases like MS, in which a person's antibodies attack the protective sheaths around nerve cells, causing numbness, brain fog and difficulty walking. Still, Farber doubts that CAR T cell therapy could fix existing damage. "We're not expecting it to repair the nervous system," she says. But it's possible the treatment could freeze the disease's progress. Patients are already asking her team about future treatments.

For Piquet, who cares for roughly 100 people with SPS, Kyverna's trial offered a compelling opportunity to help her patients. Montgomery-Haga cried when Piquet told her about the trial at one of their regular Zoom appointments. She

People currently diagnosed with SPS in the United States recalls wondering, is this the treatment that “might help me be normal again?”

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捕捉杀手

June 最为人熟知的可能是他在癌症研究方面的工作，但他一直密切关注着自身免疫治疗的进展。他的女儿现年 30 多岁，在 9 岁时被诊断出患有青少年类风湿性关节炎。对于她来说，这意味着在 20 多年的时间里一直使用那些会带来一系列副作用（如疲劳和感染风险）的药物。“如果能被治愈就太好了，”他说。

在类风湿性关节炎、红斑狼疮和 SPS 等自身免疫性疾病中，人体自身的抗体会攻击全身各处的组织，从血管、软骨到神经元。清除这些异常抗体可以停止攻击。但 CAR T 细胞疗法并不作用于抗体本身，而是直接针对源头，消灭制造抗体的细胞工厂。

这些抗体工厂被称为 B 细胞。为了消除它们，医生招募 T 细胞，T 细胞充当人体的安全系统，协同工作以搜寻并摧毁问题细胞。在实验室中，科学家对这些“猎手”进行精细调整，为其配备一种名为嵌合抗原受体（CAR）的分子定位装置。当这些经过重新工程设计的 T 细胞被重新输回患者体内时，它们可以直接锁定抗体工厂——就像一个被告知确切摧毁目标的破坏者。

“CAR T 细胞疗法的秘密在于你完全耗尽了体内的 B 细胞，”德国埃尔朗根-纽伦堡大学（Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg）的风湿病专家 Georg Schett 表示。Schett 说，暂时清除一个人的 B 细胞可以让身体用新鲜的、没有问题的 B 细胞来替代它们。他将其称为一次“免疫重启”。

CAR T 细胞疗法始于 2010 年代，当时研究人员使用工程化 T 细胞来针对癌症。2017 年，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准了首批用于治疗两种血液癌症（急性淋巴细胞白血病和大 B 细胞淋巴瘤）的 CAR T 细胞疗法。不久之后，科学家们发现了首批令人兴奋的迹象，表明该疗法可能同样适用于自身免疫性疾病。在某些病例中，患有自身免疫障碍的癌症患者在治疗后报告称两种病情均有所改善。

但 Schett 说，大多数研究人员认为事情不会那么简单。毕竟，自身免疫性疾病是由复杂的细胞类型网络驱动的。仅针对其中一种细胞如何能奏效？

这种思维在 2021 年发生了范式转移，当时 Schett 及其团队发表了第一篇报道该疗法成功治疗的重要论文。患者是一名 20 岁的女性，患有严重的红斑狼疮，这是一种复杂且有时会导致死亡的疾病，会损害肾脏和其他器官。在接受 CAR T 细胞疗法治疗后的五周内，她的疾病迹象开始消失。

巴尔的摩约翰·霍普金斯医学中心（Johns Hopkins Medicine）的风湿病专家 Maximilian König 表示，这样的结果是“闻所未闻的”。红斑狼疮极其难以治疗，几十年来，大多数针对该病的药物测试都失败了。从未有人见过像 Schett 的患者那样明显的改善。

在论文发表后，“每个人都在讨论这件事，”König 说。Schett 表示，五年多后的今天，该女性的红斑狼疮尚未复发。“我们认为这名患者已经痊愈，”他说。

该女性的反应并非偶然。次年，Schett 的团队在另外五名红斑狼疮患者身上报告了类似的结果。所有人在接受 CAR T 细胞疗法后都进入了缓解期。

Tara Zier 花了三年时间，去了九次急诊室，咨询了 13 位专家，才被诊断出患有 SPS。

June 说，这才是真正的转折点。“能获得如此显著的结果是非常罕见的，极其罕见。”

随后，全球范围内掀起了一场研究热潮。科学家们目前正在将 CAR T 细胞疗法用于测试近十几种与有害 B 细胞相关的自身免疫性疾病，包括红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎以及一种被称为系统性硬化症的结缔组织疾病。

总部位于加利福尼亚州的 Kyverna 公司是 SPS 临床试验的发起方，该公司目前还在针对包括泛发性重症肌无力以及进展性多发性硬化症（MS）在内的神经系统自身免疫性疾病开展临床试验。

CAR T 细胞疗法在神经系统疾病应用中令研究人员感到兴奋的一个原因是，这些细胞具有穿透血脑屏障的潜力。哥伦比亚大学的神经学家丽贝卡·法伯（Rebecca Farber）表示，这意味着它们可能能够进入其他药物无法触及的潜伏性炎症区域。

这对于像多发性硬化症（MS）这样的疾病可能会有巨大帮助。在这种疾病中，人体自身的抗体会攻击神经细胞周围的保护鞘，导致麻木、脑雾和行走困难。尽管如此，法伯怀疑 CAR T 细胞疗法是否能修复已有的损伤。她说：“我们并不指望它能修复神经系统。”但这种治疗有可能冻结疾病的进展。患者已经在向她的团队询问未来的治疗方案。

对于照顾着大约 100 名 SPS 患者的皮凯（Piquet）来说，Kyverna 的临床试验为她帮助患者提供了一个极具吸引力的机会。在一次定期的 Zoom 预约中，当皮凯告诉蒙哥马利-哈加（Montgomery-Haga）关于这项试验的消息时，后者流下了眼泪。她

目前在美国被诊断患有 SPS 的人们回忆道，他们当时在想，这是否就是那个“可能让我重新恢复正常”的治疗方法？

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The good, the bad and the potentially ugly

Though Montgomery-Haga leapt at the chance to try Kyverna's treatment, called miv-cel, CAR T cell therapy is no walk in the park. Before starting, doctors sit patients down to “talk about the good, the bad and the potentially ugly,” Piquet says.

That includes the rigorous prep work needed before people receive their engineered T cells. Patients must first get low-dose chemotherapy, which flushes T cells from the body and makes space for the new ones. Chemo can ambush the body with symptoms including hair thinning, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Treatment itself also carries risks. It destroys most B cells in the body—not just the ones that cause disease. That can lead to fever, inflammation and potentially risky infections. In Kyverna's trial, for example, 15 percent of participants had severely low white blood cell counts after treatment. Such symptoms were expected, Piquet says, and were easily treated.

Other CAR T treatments seem to have fared far worse. In August, the pharmaceutical company Novartis paused clinical trials of its therapy, rap-cel, across a spectrum of autoimmune diseases after three patients died. Bristol Myers Squibb has also paused similar studies after some patients experienced neurological complications, according to the Wall Street Journal. Details of the incidents were slow to emerge and have set the field on edge. "It's a tragedy," Konig says. He calls such outcomes an important wake-up call.

But red flags in one trial don't mean all CAR T products are dangerous, Konig says. That's because many different designs and manufacturing processes exist, and scientists can't always predict what will make one product toxic and another safe. Kyverna's miv-cel, for instance, has been consistently well-tolerated in the more than 100 patients treated, a spokesperson for the company says.

CAR T cell therapies are transformative, Konig says. “They’re going to change the field—but there are risks.”

Another risk is that the once-vanquished disease will return. Doctors don't know all the genetic and environmental conditions that trigger autoimmune disease. Some researchers wonder whether vulnerable individuals remain vulnerable, even after treatment. But because it often takes multiple insults for someone to tip into a state of disease, Scherlinger says, CAR T cell therapy could buy patients lots of time.

After CAR T cell therapy, Lynn Montgomery-Haga is far more mobile than she used to be. "Every day I wake up and I feel better," she says. "And it's great."

"Now I can"

After 10 days in the hospital for her treatment, Montgomery-Haga returned to recover at home. In the following months, she started to notice some changes. It was easier getting around the house, for one. And she felt her balance and stability improving. She can now kneel down to garden and clean without the days of recovery it used to require. “I can vacuum my house,” she says. “It seems so little, but now I can vacuum!”

Montgomery-Haga can even sit down “crisscross applesauce,” she says. “I couldn’t do that for, like, 10 years.”

Four months after the treatment, Piquet's team tested Montgomery-Haga's walking ability. In a hallway at University of Colorado Anschutz's research building, the team marked out 25 feet with little orange cones. At one end stood Montgomery-Haga. At the other, Piquet watched behind a video camera. This time, Montgomery-Haga's gait was smooth and her arms were down, not hovering out into the air to catch herself if she fell. "You could see that she was walking with a lot more confidence," Piquet says.

The team saw similar results in other SPS patients. Some who had difficulty walking before treatment now wanted to run, Piquet says. "It's incredible to just see those patients speeding down the hallway." She remembers smiles, high fives and a sense of celebration in the air. Eight of 12 people who had used a walking aid for the initial test didn't need one for the follow-up, Piquet reported at the American Academy of Neurology meeting in April.

In September, Kyverna reported the trial's one-year results: Patients maintained mobility improvements, with a third completing their 25-foot walk about as fast as a healthy adult. Additionally, nearly all patients no longer rely on immunosuppressive drugs to tamp down

好的、坏的以及潜在的糟糕情况

尽管蒙哥马利-哈加（Montgomery-Haga）抓住机会尝试了 Kyverna 公司的名为 miv-cel 的治疗方案，但 CAR T 细胞疗法并非易事。皮凯（Piquet）表示，在开始治疗前，医生会与患者坐下来“讨论好的、坏的以及潜在的糟糕情况”。

这包括在患者接受工程化 T 细胞之前所需的严格准备工作。患者必须首先接受低剂量化疗，以清除体内的 T 细胞，为新细胞腾出空间。化疗可能会给身体带来突如其来的症状，包括脱发、恶心、呕吐和腹泻。

治疗本身也带有风险。它会破坏体内的大部分 B 细胞，而不仅仅是引起疾病的那些。这可能导致发烧、炎症以及潜在的危险感染。例如，在 Kyverna 的试验中，15% 的参与者在治疗后出现了严重的白细胞计数低。皮凯表示，这些症状在预料之中，且很容易得到治疗。

其他 CAR T 治疗方案的情况似乎糟糕得多。今年 8 月，制药公司诺华（Novartis）在三名患者死亡后，暂停了其针对一系列自身免疫性疾病的疗法 rap-cel 的临床试验。据《华尔街日报》报道，布里斯托-迈耶斯 Squibb（Bristol Myers Squibb）在部分患者出现神经系统并发症后，也暂停了类似的研究。这些事件的细节披露缓慢，令该领域的人们感到不安。“这是一场悲剧，”科尼格（Konig）说。他称此类结果是一个重要的警钟。

但科尼格表示，一项试验中的危险信号并不意味着所有 CAR T 产品都是危险的。这是因为存在许多不同的设计和制造工艺，科学家无法总是预测是什么导致一个产品有毒而另一个产品安全。该公司的一位发言人表示，例如 Kyverna 的 miv-cel 在 100 多名接受治疗的患者中一直耐受性良好。

科尼格说，CAR T 细胞疗法具有变革性。“它们将改变这个领域——但风险依然存在。”

另一个风险是曾经被击败的疾病可能会复发。医生并不了解所有触发自身免疫性疾病的遗传和环境条件。一些研究人员想知道，即使在治疗之后，易感个体是否仍然处于易感状态。但舍林格（Scherlinger）表示，由于一个人陷入疾病状态通常需要多次打击，CAR T 细胞疗法可以为患者赢得大量时间。

在接受 CAR T 细胞疗法后，琳·蒙哥马利-哈加（Lynn Montgomery-Haga）比以前灵活得多。“每天醒来我都感觉更好，”她说，“这太棒了。”

“现在我可以”

在医院接受了 10 天治疗后，蒙哥马利-哈加回家康复。在接下来的几个月里，她开始注意到一些变化。首先，在房子里走动变得更容易了。她感觉到自己的平衡能力和稳定性在提高。她现在可以跪下来做园艺和清洁，而不再需要像以前那样花好几天时间恢复。“我可以给家里吸尘了，”她说，“这看起来微不足道，但现在我可以吸尘了！”

她说，她甚至可以盘腿而坐（“crisscross applesauce”）。“大概 10 年来我都没法那样做。”

治疗四个月后，皮凯的团队测试了蒙哥马利-哈加的行走能力。在科罗拉多大学安舒茨（University of Colorado Anschutz）研究大楼的一条走廊里，团队用小橙色圆锥标出了 25 英尺的距离。蒙哥马利-哈加站在一端，皮凯在另一端通过摄像机观察。这一次，蒙哥马利-哈加的步态流畅，双臂自然下垂，而不是像以前那样悬在空中，以防跌倒时支撑自己。“你可以看出她走路自信多了，”皮凯说。

该团队在其他 SPS 患者身上也看到了类似的结果。皮凯说，一些在治疗前行走困难的人现在想要跑步。“看到这些患者在走廊里快步疾走，简直不可思议。”她记得人们脸上的笑容、击掌以及空气中弥漫的庆祝氛围。皮凯在 4 月的美国神经病学学会会议上报告称，在最初测试时需要使用助行器的 12 人中，有 8 人在随访时不再需要。

9 月，Kyverna 报告了该试验的一年结果：患者维持了活动能力的改善，其中三分之一的人完成 25 英尺行走的速度与健康成年人大致相当。此外，几乎所有患者不再依赖免疫抑制药物来抑制

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"Have you ever had a charley horse in your calf? Imagine one in your whole body that stops you in your tracks."

— Tara Zier

harmful immune activity. That's good news because such drugs can bring all sorts of nasty side effects, like vomiting, bleeding and infections.

The results with SPS are “really something to celebrate,” June says. But only time and many more treatments will reveal how safe CAR T really is, he says.

That's a concern for Zier, who says she wouldn't feel comfortable trying the therapy at this point. Zier doesn't know how she'd respond. She's a single mother with two kids; even a rare side effect could disrupt her life in a way she may not be able to manage. And these days, she's managing as well as she can. Zier is the founder and CEO of The Stiff Person Syndrome Research Foundation, which supports research for SPS treatments.

Kyverna is in the process of submitting miv-cel for FDA approval. The company is seeking priority review and hopes the treatment might be available to patients in 2027. If SPS is the first autoimmune disease to have an FDA-approved CAR T cell therapy, myasthenia gravis could be the second, says Warner Biddle, Kyverna's CEO. What's more, miv-cel also appeared to improve symptoms in six patients with severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis, researchers reported in August in Nature Medicine.

As for what's next, the door is wide open. Some scientists are working to make off-the-shelf forms of CAR T that wouldn't require personalized engineering. Others are trying to reprogram T cells directly inside people's bodies, rather than in the lab. Still others are trying to make T cells that target only the B cells responsible for disease. In the future, doctors might use such drugs to help patients avoid the cumbersome treatment process that Montgomery-Haga endured.

Montgomery-Haga's own future looks far different than what she had imagined a few years ago. In 2026, she took a trip to Washington, D.C., to see the monuments. Now she'd like to visit Paris, Scotland and Ireland, too.

For so many years, Montgomery-Haga has looked at trips and activities — and even household chores — that most people take for granted, thinking, “Man, I wish I could do that,” she says. “Now I can.” ✗

“你是否曾在小腿中经历过肌肉抽搐？想象一下，如果这种抽搐发生在全身，让你瞬间僵在原地。”

— 塔拉·齐尔（Tara Zier）

有害的免疫活动。这是一个好消息，因为这类药物可能会带来各种严重的副作用，如呕吐、出血和感染。

朱恩表示，SPS 的治疗结果“确实值得庆祝”。但他认为，只有经过时间的检验和更多的治疗案例，才能揭示 CAR T 疗法究竟有多安全。

这正是齐尔所担忧的，她说目前她并不放心尝试这种疗法。齐尔不知道自己会有怎样的反应。她是一位有两个孩子的单身母亲；即使是罕见的副作用也可能以她无法应对的方式扰乱她的生活。而如今，她已经在尽力维持生活了。齐尔是僵人综合征研究基金会（The Stiff Person Syndrome Research Foundation）的创始人兼首席执行官，该基金会致力于支持 SPS 治疗研究。

Kyverna 正在提交 miv-cel 以申请 FDA 批准。该公司正在寻求优先审评，并希望该疗法能在 2027 年提供给患者。Kyverna 的首席执行官沃纳·比德尔（Warner Biddle）表示，如果 SPS 成为首个获得 FDA 批准的 CAR T 细胞疗法治疗的自身免疫性疾病，那么重症肌无力可能会成为第二个。此外，研究人员在 8 月份发表于《自然-医学》（Nature Medicine）的报告中指出，miv-cel 似乎还改善了 6 名严重类风湿性关节炎患者的症状。

至于接下来的方向，前景十分广阔。一些科学家正致力于开发无需个性化工程的“现货型”CAR T。另一些人则尝试直接在人体内而非实验室中对 T 细胞进行重新编程。还有一些人试图制造仅针对导致疾病的 B 细胞的 T 细胞。未来，医生可能会使用此类药物来帮助患者避免像蒙哥马利-哈加（Montgomery-Haga）那样经历繁琐的治疗过程。

蒙哥马利-哈加自己的未来看起来与她几年前想象的截然不同。2026 年，她前往华盛顿特区参观纪念碑。现在，她还想访问巴黎、苏格兰和爱尔兰。

她说，这么多年来，蒙哥马利-哈加一直看着大多数人认为理所当然的旅行、活动——甚至家务活——心想：“天呐，我真希望我也能那样。” “现在我可以了。” ✗

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GOING THE DISTANCE

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is about to reach a major milestone: one light-day from Earth

BY LISA GROSSMAN

← Engineers test Voyager 1 in a clean room in California in November 1976. → The spacecraft launched from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on September 5, 1977. Voyager 2 had already launched, but it followed a longer path.

NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft has been breaking distance records for decades. Launched almost 50 years ago, it became the farthest human-built object from Earth when it overtook the pathfinding Pioneer 10 probe in 1998. It was the first spacecraft to leave the solar system's protective bubble, and it will be humankind's first emissary to the stars.

The cameras on Voyager 1, along with those on its twin spacecraft, Voyager 2, captured powerful megastorms in the outer solar system, the first images of dozens of moons and never-before-seen details of the gossamer rings around Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. The images and data sent home have shaped theories of how the solar system formed and evolved, inspired subsequent missions and posed enough new questions to keep space scientists busy for decades.

And this month, Voyager 1 will set another big record. On November 18 at 5:16:07 a.m. Eastern Standard Time, it will become the first spacecraft to reach one light-day from Earth: the distance light travels in 24 hours. That's a journey of 25.9 billion kilometers, or more than four times the distance from the sun to Pluto. At that point, signals from Earth will take a full day to reach Voyager 1; it will take another day to hear back.

“I just never imagined [the mission] would last that long,” says Linda Spilker, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., who began working on Voyager shortly before the probes launched in 1977. Spilker was in Cape Canaveral, Fla., for the first launch. She even planned the births of her children, now in their 40s, around mission milestones. After stepping away to lead another mission, she is now back as Voyager head scientist.

Two other scientists have been with Voyager since the beginning. Others weren't yet born when the spacecraft launched. "Voyager, to this day, is a multi-generational mission," Spilker says. But it isn't a mission of nostalgia. There's still a world of discovery out beyond the solar system's edge.

“Every piece of data, every day that goes by that we get data from the Voyagers, tells us something new,” says physicist Jamie Rankin of Princeton University, who started her Ph.D. in August 2012, the same month that Voyager 1 left the solar system for the cold, calm seas of interstellar space. “Every day, it’s in places nobody’s ever explored before.”

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远征

旅行者 1 探测器即将迎来一个重大里程碑：距离地球一个光日

作者：丽莎·格罗斯曼（LISA GROSSMAN）

← 1976 年 11 月，工程师在加利福尼亚州的一个无尘室中对旅行者 1 进行测试。 → 该探测器于 1977 年 9 月 5 日从佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角发射。旅行者 2 已经发射，但它采取了更长的路径。

美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的旅行者 1 探测器数十年来一直在打破距离记录。它在近 50 年前发射，并在 1998 年超过先驱者 10 号探测器后，成为了距离地球最远的人造物体。它是第一艘离开太阳系保护气泡的航天器，也将成为人类首个前往星际空间的使者。

旅行者 1 及其孪生探测器旅行者 2 上的摄像机捕捉到了外太阳系中强大的超级风暴，拍摄了数十颗卫星的首批图像，以及木星、土星、海王星和天王星周围薄如蝉翼的环之从未见过的细节。传回的图像和数据塑造了关于太阳系如何形成和演化的理论，启发了随后的任务，并提出了足够多的新问题，足以让空间科学家在未来数十年内保持忙碌。

本月，旅行者 1 将创下另一个重大记录。东部标准时间 11 月 18 日上午 5:16:07，它将成为第一艘距离地球一个光日的航天器：即光在 24 小时内行驶的距离。这是一段长达 259 亿公里的旅程，超过了太阳到冥王星距离的四倍。届时，来自地球的信号将需要整整一天才能到达旅行者 1；而接收回传信号则需要另有一天。

“我从未想象过（这次任务）能持续这么久，”位于加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的 NASA 喷气推进实验室行星科学家琳达·斯皮尔克（Linda Spilker）说道，她在 1977 年探测器发射前不久开始参与旅行者项目。斯皮尔克当时在佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角见证了首次发射。她甚至根据任务的里程碑来规划她孩子（现年 40 多岁）的出生时间。在暂时离开去领导另一个任务后，她现在回到了旅行者项目的首席科学家岗位。

另有两名科学家从一开始就参与了旅行者项目。而另一些人在航天器发射时甚至还没有出生。“直到今天，旅行者依然是一个跨代任务，”斯皮尔克说。但这并非一个怀旧的任务。在太阳系边缘之外，仍有一个充满发现的世界。

“每一条数据，每一个我们从旅行者号获取数据的日子，都在告诉我们一些新东西，”普林斯顿大学的物理学家杰米·兰金（Jamie Rankin）说道。她在 2012 年 8 月开始攻读博士学位，而就在同一个月，旅行者 1 离开了太阳系，进入寒冷、平静的星际空间。“每一天，它都处于从未有人探索过的地方。”

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EXPLORING OUR NEIGHBORHOOD

The original mission of the Voyager probes was to explore the outer parts of our solar system, which until then had remained largely mysterious. A rare planetary alignment meant

1 Whorls and vortices in Jupiter's atmosphere captured by Voyager 1 in March 1979 2 Neptune's perpetual storm, the Great Dark Spot, seen by Voyager 2 in August 1989 3 The heavily cratered surface of Jupiter's moon Callisto as seen by Voyager 1 in March 1979 4 Uranus as seen by Voyager 2 in January 1986 5 Saturn and its rings captured in November 1980, four days after Voyager 1's closest approach to the planet 6 An active plume (blue) on Jupiter's moon lo is visible in this mosaic of images from Voyager 1

1-5: JPL-CALTECH/NASA; 6: JPL-CALTECH/NASA, USGS that a spacecraft launched in the late 1970s could swoop past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, getting a gravitational boost from each planet that it passed. With these gravitational assists, the spacecraft could complete the tour in less than 15 years. Such an alignment won't happen again until the 2150s.

The project was a bold step for its time. When work began in the early 1970s, no spacecraft had gone farther than Mars. NASA set a conservative goal for the mission: flybys of Jupiter and Saturn. In 1972 and 1973, NASA launched two Pioneer probes, which made sure the trek was possible and gathered data along the way. As with Voyager, there were two spacecraft in case one failed.

After nail-biting launches and a wait of nearly two years, the Voyagers began uncovering many of Jupiter's and Saturn's long-held secrets, including the volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io, details of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and hints of geologic activity on Saturn's moon Enceladus.

Mission accomplished, Voyager 2 went on to pass Uranus and Neptune. It took the first images of the planets' rings and discovered more than a dozen moons along the way. The spacecraft also spotted a perpetually churning storm on Neptune and erupting geysers on Neptune's moon Triton.

"The highlights of Voyager were clearly the planetary encounters," said Ed Stone, the mission's original head scientist, in a NASA interview before his death in 2024. "We had a lifetime of discovery packed into each one."

The uncontested stars of these encounters were the images shared in news reports and TV broadcasts as the planets and their moons came into view. Jupiter's moon Io turned out to be a shocking splotchy orange color that looked like a pizza.

A humble navigation image of that moon led to one of

The two Voyager spacecraft took different paths through the outer solar system. Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn before exiting the heliosphere, the bubble of plasma blown by the sun, in 2012. Voyager 2 flew by all four outer planets, leaving the heliosphere at a different location (inset) in 2018. The mission's measurements are helping scientists understand the complexity of the cosmic boundary between our solar system and interstellar space.

the most surprising discoveries of the entire mission. Four days past Voyager 1's closest approach to Jupiter, after the excitement had died down, project astronomer Linda Morabito of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory started processing additional images of Io. These images had been taken after the flyby, when Voyager was looking back over its shoulder.

As Morabito enhanced one image's brightness, she spotted an odd bulbous formation protruding from Io's edge. "What's that?" she asked herself. Her supervisor had the same reaction: "Jesus, what's that?" she later recalled him saying.

The bulb turned out to be a volcanic plume — an erupting fire fountain extending 250 kilometers above Io's surface. It was the first discovery of active volcanism anywhere other than Earth, and it transformed our view of the outer solar system. Instead of a cold, inert icebox, this was a bubbling and dynamic region.

The findings inspired many future missions. While visiting Jupiter from 1995 to 2003, the Galileo probe found that Europa may have a subsurface ocean that could be hospitable to life. When the Cassini probe orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, it discovered that the moon Enceladus also has a potentially habitable ocean that spews icy geysers into space.

Before turning off its camera in 1990, Voyager 1 looked back for a final photo of the planets. Inspired by the resulting image, astronomer Carl Sagan famously described Earth (circled) as a "pale blue dot."

In 1990, with Voyager 1 about 6 billion kilometers from the sun, astronomer Carl Sagan convinced mission leaders to turn the spacecraft backward for one last look at the planets. Voyager 1 took a family portrait in which Earth appeared faintly as a “pale blue dot,” Sagan said. “Everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives... on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam," he wrote in the 1994 book Pale Blue Dot.

To save power, Voyager 2's cameras were shut off in 1989. After the family portrait, Voyager 1's cameras were also turned off. Where the spacecraft were headed, there wouldn't be much to see.

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探索我们的邻居

旅行者号探测器的最初任务是探索太阳系的外围区域，而在此之前，那里在很大程度上仍是一个谜。一次罕见的行星排列意味着

1 1979 2 1989 3 1979 4 1986 5 1980, 6 5 15 1972 1973, 2024 2012. 2018. 250

这些发现启发了许多未来的任务。在 1995 到 2003 年访问木星期间，伽利略号探测器发现欧罗巴（Europa）可能拥有一个能够孕育生命的地下海洋。当卡西尼号探测器在 2004 到 2017 年期间绕土星运行的时候，它发现土卫二（Enceladus）同样拥有一个潜在的可居住海洋，并向太空喷射冰晶喷泉。

在 1990 年关闭摄像头之前，旅行者 1 号最后一次回望并拍摄了行星的照片。受这张照片的启发，天文学家卡尔·萨根（Carl Sagan）将地球（圈出部分）著名地描述为一颗“暗淡蓝点”。

1990 年，当旅行者 1 号距离太阳约 60 亿美元公里时，天文学家卡尔·萨根说服任务负责人将航天器调头，最后一次回顾这些行星。萨根表示，旅行者 1 号拍摄了一张“家庭合照”，其中地球看起来就像一个微弱的“暗淡蓝点”。他在 1994 年出版的《暗淡蓝点》一书中写道：“你所爱的人，你所认识的人，你听过的每一个人，所有曾经存在过的人类，都在……一束阳光中悬浮的一粒尘埃上度过了他们的一生。”

为了节省电量，旅行者 2 号的摄像头在 1989 年被关闭。在拍摄完家庭合照后，旅行者 1 号的摄像头也被关闭了。在这些航天器前往的地方，已经没有什么可看的了。

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📄 Original Section

THE EDGE OF NOWHERE

The probes were now on their way out of the solar system along their own separate paths, both headed toward a mysterious boundary that no human emissary had ever crossed. In this next phase of their voyage, no one knew what to expect. How long would the spacecraft keep communicating? How far would the powerful forces that drive the sun reach? And what would it be like to taste interstellar space?

For its first 35 years in space, Voyager 1 was swaddled in the solar wind. This stream of hot, charged particles flows constantly from the sun, forming a vast bubble called the heliosphere. The bubble surrounds the solar system, protecting it from cosmic radiation; it extends billions of kilometers past the planets up to a boundary called the heliopause. Heliophysicists consider this boundary, where the solar wind bumps into interstellar space, the edge of the solar system, although the sun's gravitational influence extends much farther.

Scientists expected the Voyagers to cross the heliopause, but they didn't know when—or what the spacecraft would find when they did. Rankin had just started her Ph.D. at Caltech when in August 2012 Voyager 1 detected an abrupt jump in the number of high-energy cosmic rays alongside a drop in solar particles, hinting that the spacecraft had crossed the boundary. But magnetic field measurements suggested otherwise. Instead, those measurements indicated that the sun still exerted some influence. The interstellar magnetic field diverted around the heliosphere like a river around a rock.

A Voyager instrument that could have settled the question of whether the probe had passed the heliopause was no longer working. But scientists got a lucky break in April 2013 when an eruption on the sun sent a pressure wave rippling outward. It set the electrons around Voyager 1 vibrating, which allowed scientists to estimate the density of charged particles nearby.

The results showed that Voyager 1 had in fact crossed the heliopause on August 25, 2012, when it was about 18 billion kilometers away, or 120 times Earth's distance from the sun. Data from Voyager 2 later backed up that finding.

"This is the beginning of a new era of exploration for us," Stone told Science News in 2013.

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虚无之边

探测器现在正沿着各自独立的路径飞离太阳系，两者都正朝着一个没有任何人类使者曾跨越的神秘边界前进。在航行的下一个阶段，没有人知道会发生什么。航天器还能维持通信多久？驱动太阳的强大力量能延伸到多远？而体验星际空间又会是什么感觉？

在太空中的前 35 年里，旅行者 1 号被包裹在太阳风之中。这种由炽热带电粒子组成的流体从太阳不断流出，形成一个被称为日球层的巨大气泡。这个气泡包围着太阳系，保护其免受宇宙辐射的影响；它向行星之外延伸数十亿公里，直到一个被称为日暂停面的边界。太阳物理学家认为，这个太阳风与星际空间碰撞的边界就是太阳系的边缘，尽管太阳的引力影响延伸得要远得多。

科学家们预计旅行者号探测器会跨越日暂停面，但他们不知道具体时间——也不知道探测器在跨越时会发现什么。兰金在加州理工学院刚开始攻读博士学位时，2012 年 8 月，旅行者 1 号检测到高能宇宙射线数量突然增加，同时太阳粒子数量下降，这暗示探测器已经跨越了边界。但磁场测量结果却表明并非如此。相反，这些测量结果显示太阳仍然发挥着一定的影响。星际磁场像河流绕过岩石一样绕过了日球层。

一个本可以解决探测器是否已通过日暂停面问题的旅行者号仪器已经停止工作。但科学家在 2013 年 4 月迎来了一个幸运的转机，当时太阳上的一次爆发向外发送了一道压力波。这使得旅行者 1 号周围的电子产生振动，从而让科学家能够估算附近带电粒子的密度。

结果显示，旅行者 1 号实际上在 2012 年 8 月 25 日跨越了日暂停面，当时它距离太阳约 180 亿美元公里，即地球到太阳距离的 120 倍。旅行者 2 号随后提供的数据支持了这一发现。

“对我们来说，这是一个新探索时代的开始，”斯通在 2013 年告诉《科学新闻》。

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📄 Original Section

THE SPACE BEYOND

But the line between our solar system and interstellar space isn't solid. The sun's reach extends farther than anyone expected, and "this boundary is not very sharp or very thin," says physicist Jeewoo Park of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.

With Voyager on the other side of the heliopause, particle speeds and gas temperatures have dropped. The magnetic field is weaker. Even dust particles are about half as abundant compared with inside the heliosphere. “For the most part, it’s been very quiet and very consistent,” Rankin says.

But it's not entirely silent. In four instances, scientists saw spikes in the magnetic field strength and particle density measurements around the probe. After the fourth, in mid-2020, those numbers have remained high. No one knows why. Perhaps Voyager 1 continues to ride the aftershocks of solar eruptions, says Park, who reported on the events in June in the Astrophysical Journal.

Where pure interstellar space begins is still an open question. So is the heliosphere's shape. Most scientists think it is elongated, like a comet, but others think it is a sphere or even a croissant.

Space telescopes launched in 2008 and 2025, the Interstellar

Boundary Explorer and Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe, could help answer that question.

Meanwhile, the Voyager probes are silently sailing onward. Scientists estimate that the onboard power sources that keep the crafts' instruments running will dry up in 10 to 15 years, preventing them from sending data back to Earth. Our conversation will come to an end. But the journey goes on.

Linda Morabito (left image, at center) and Linda Spilker (right image, front right) are shown with other mission personnel.

Both Voyager probes carry a Golden Record with details about the solar system and life on Earth.

Voyager 2 will approach a red dwarf star known as Ross 248 in about 42,000 years, coming within 700 light-days. It will be 44,000 years before Voyager 1 next encounters another star, Gliese 445, at a similar distance.

"The Voyagers become our silent ambassadors, a little bit of us that continues into space," Spilker says.

They carry a message, should anyone find it, contained on the Golden Record. A copy of the phonograph record, which is plated in gold, rides on each of the probes. The long-distance dispatches feature sights and sounds of Earth, including a map of the solar system; images of Earth's monuments; greetings in dozens of languages; and the sounds of whale song, laughter, classical composers and Navajo chants.

That time capsule captures the optimism and promise of the mission, Spilker says. “It may well outlast humanity.” ✗

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之外的空间

但我们的太阳系与星际空间之间的界限并非坚实不可逾越。太阳的影响范围比任何人预想的都要远。位于马里兰州格林贝尔特、美国国家航空航天局（NASA）戈达德太空飞行中心的物理学家朴智友（Jeewoo Park）表示，“这个边界并不十分清晰，也不十分狭窄”。

随着旅行者号处于日球层顶的另一侧，粒子的速度和气体的温度已经下降。磁场变得更弱。甚至连尘埃粒子的丰度也比日球层内部减少了约一半。兰金（Rankin）说：“在很大程度上，这里一直非常安静且非常稳定。”

但这里并非完全寂静。在四个实例中，科学家们观察到探测器周围的磁场强度和粒子密度测量值出现峰值。在2020年中旬的第四次峰值之后，这些数值一直保持在高位。没有人知道原因。朴智友在6月的《天体物理学杂志》中报道了这些事件，她认为，也许旅行者1号仍在承受太阳喷发后的余震。

纯粹的星际空间始于何处仍然是一个开放性问题。日球层的形状同样如此。大多数科学家认为它像彗星一样被拉长，但其他人认为它是一个球体，甚至是一个羊角面包形。

分别于2008年和2025年发射的太空望远镜——星际边界探测器（Interstellar Boundary Explorer）和星际制图与加速探测器（Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe），可能有助于回答这个问题。

与此同时，旅行者号探测器正静静地向前方航行。科学家估计，维持航天器仪器运行的车载电源将在10到15年内耗尽，届时它们将无法向地球发送数据。我们的对话将就此结束，但旅程仍在继续。

图中显示了琳达·莫拉比托（Linda Morabito，左图中心）和琳达·斯皮尔克（Linda Spilker，右图右前）以及其他任务人员。

两艘旅行者号探测器都携带了一张包含太阳系详情和地球生命信息的金唱片。

旅行者2号将在约42,000年后接近一颗名为Ross 248的红矮星，距离在700光日以内。而旅行者1号将在44,000年后以类似的距离再次遇到另一颗恒星Gliese 445。

“旅行者号成为了我们的沉默大使，是我们的一部分在太空中继续前行，”斯皮尔克说。

它们携带了一条信息，以防有人发现它，这条信息记录在金唱片上。每艘探测器上都搭载了一份镀金的留声机唱片副本。这些远距离派遣的信使记录了地球的景象和声音，包括太阳系地图、地球纪念碑的图像、数十种语言的问候语，以及鲸鱼的歌声、笑声、古典作曲家的作品和纳瓦霍人的吟唱。

斯皮尔克说，这个时间胶囊捕捉到了这次任务的乐观精神和承诺。“它很可能比人类生存的时间更长。” ✗

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📄 Original Section

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观测土星天气的科学家们发现了一个围绕该行星南极的奇怪多边形。这个由 10 个边组成的喷流具有显著的棱角形状，由哈勃空间望远镜探测到并发表在《科学进展》（Science Advances）上，这表明其深层大气中存在着值得研究的有趣现象。一些专家提出，附近风暴引起的扰动可能触发了该十边形的形成。他们希望通过征集更多的天文台并对该特征进行长期观测，以揭示其驱动因素。 ——Meghan Bartels

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解释大爆炸

— 关于 — 时间、空间与进化的本质

第 3 版（修订并扩充）

Jan F. Andrus

前空间科学家

第 208 卷第 11 期

2026 年 11 月

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📄 Original Section

HAPPY SNACKING, DON'T DIE! IS A JOYOUS GUIDE TO EATING WILD PLANTS

By Emily Conover

HAPPY

SNACKING,

DON'T DIE!

Alexis Nikole Nelson

Simon & Schuster, \$35

I used to think that foraging for food would involve schlepping myself to a forest far from my urban home, a task that would demand an unpleasant car trip, practical shoes and insect repellent. But when I flipped through forager Alexis Nikole Nelson's new book Happy Snacking, Don't Die!, I discovered edible plants right in my neighborhood.

Linden trees, for example, are common in U.S. cities. They have edible leaves, flowers and fruits, Nelson explains. There's one just down the block from the Science News office in Washington, D.C. That is how I found myself this summer,

on tiptoe, trying to reach as many green, pea-shaped fruits as I could hold.

And that's not all. Dandelions, acorns, black walnuts, crab apples, roses, magnolias, serviceberries — all are edible treasures within walking distance of my home. Nelson explains how to identify these and other plants and provides vegan recipes for dishes unlike anything premade.

Awareness of local edible plants helps combat the “plant blindness” in modern society. For many people, plants are a pleasant afterthought rather than a focal point of daily life. “Taking the time to get to know your plant neighbors helps even the most urban neighborhood... seem full of nature and

For many people, plants are a pleasant afterthought rather than a focal point of daily life.

whimsy, even if you have to look close to find it," she writes.

The book's cheeky title is a tag-line Nelson uses in popular videos posted to her social media accounts, where she sometimes uses the moniker Black Forager. (She uses humor to help viewers learn which plants are good for snacking and which ones might make you, uh, “unalive.”) Likewise, the joy Nelson injects into the book makes foraging approachable.

I was nervous about picking unfamiliar fruits from trees in public. Wouldn't everyone think I was weird? But with Nelson's encouragement, I felt emboldened.

While collecting my bounty of linden fruits, I had a few friendly conversations with passersby and had the opportunity to educate neighbors about the tree.

Linden is in the same family as cacao and it can serve as a chocolate substitute, Nelson explains. Following her recipe for linden ice cream, I roasted, ground and sifted my linden fruits. Then, I combined them with sugar, soy milk, vanilla and cornstarch and cooked and froze the mixture. The ice cream tasted like an earthier version of chocolate.

Taste testers — some of my Science News colleagues — compared it to brownie batter, cereal milk and tea. But in fact, linden fruits are their own thing with their own incomparable flavor.

It was a fascinating project, but not a complete success. I collected just a fifth of the amount of fruit that Nelson suggested in her recipe, so I was able to make only about a cup of ice cream. And it had an unpleasantly grainy texture despite my best attempts at grinding and sifting.

But at least now I will never overlook a linden tree. ✗

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《快乐零食，别死掉！》是一本关于食用野生植物的欢乐指南

作者：Emily Conover

快乐

零食，

别死掉！

Alexis Nikole Nelson

Simon & Schuster, $35

我曾经认为寻找野食意味着要把自己拖到远离城市家园的森林里，这项任务需要忍受不愉快的车程，穿着实用的鞋子并喷上驱虫剂。但当我翻阅采集者 Alexis Nikole Nelson 的新书《快乐零食，别死掉！》（Happy Snacking, Don't Die!）时，我发现就在我的社区里就有可食用的植物。

例如，椴树在美国城市中很常见。Nelson 解释说，它们的叶子、花和果实都是可以食用的。在华盛顿特区的《科学新闻》办公室附近就有一棵。这就是为什么今年夏天我发现自己，

踮起脚尖，试图摘下尽可能多能拿在手里的绿色豌豆状果实。

而且这还不是全部。蒲公英、橡子、黑核桃、野苹果、玫瑰、木兰、北美服务莓——所有这些都是在我家步行距离内的食用宝藏。Nelson 解释了如何识别这些及其他植物，并提供了纯素食谱，制作出的菜肴与任何预制食品都截然不同。

意识到当地的可食用植物有助于对抗现代社会中的“植物盲”现象。对许多人来说，植物只是一个令人愉快的点缀，而不是日常生活的焦点。“花时间去了解你的植物邻居，能让即使是最都市化的社区……也显得充满自然和

对许多人来说，植物只是一个令人愉快的点缀，而不是日常生活的焦点。

奇思妙想，即便你必须近距离观察才能发现它，”她写道。

这本书俏皮的书名是 Nelson 在其社交媒体账号发布的流行视频中使用的标语，在这些视频中，她有时使用“黑色采集者”（Black Forager）这个绰号。（她利用幽默来帮助观众学习哪些植物适合当零食，而哪些可能会让你，呃，“失去生命”。）同样，Nelson 为书中所注入的快乐让野食采集变得亲切可循。

我对在公共场所的树上摘取不熟悉的果实感到紧张。难道不会所有人都觉得我很奇怪吗？但在 Nelson 的鼓励下，我变得大胆了起来。

在收集我的椴树果实收获时，我与路人进行了几次友好的交谈，并有机会向邻居们介绍这种树。

Nelson 解释说，椴树与可可同科，可以用作巧克力的替代品。按照她提供的椴树冰淇淋食谱，我将椴树果实烘烤、研磨并筛分。然后，我将它们与糖、豆奶、香草和玉米淀粉混合，将混合物烹煮并冷冻。这款冰淇淋尝起来像是巧克力的一种更具泥土气息的版本。

品尝者——其中一些是我的《科学新闻》同事——将其比作布朗尼面糊、谷物牛奶和茶。但事实上，椴树果实拥有其自身无可比拟的独特风味。

这是一个迷人的项目，但并非完全成功。我收集的果实数量仅为 Nelson 在食谱中建议数量的五分之一，因此我只能做出大约一杯冰淇淋。而且尽管我尽力研磨和筛分，它仍然有一种令人不悦的颗粒感。

但至少现在，我再也不会忽视一棵椴树了。 ✗

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母亲的大脑探索母性的神经科学

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📄 Original Section

By Laura Sanders

When it comes to new motherhood, the baby typically takes center stage. But in a refreshing twist, neuroscientist Susana Carmona shifts the spotlight to the mom.

What follows is a captivating and well-grounded journey through the fascinating process of matrescence. A word coined to echo adolescence, another time of seismic changes, matrescence includes the intense reorganization a woman's brain undergoes as she becomes a mom.

A MOTHER'S BRAIN

Susana Carmona

MIT Press, \$27.95

This mom found the book to be a treasure trove of motherly delights. As one

of the few scientists studying matrescence, Carmona is an authoritative guide through the latest research, of which there is a dismayingly small amount. Still, the book covers scientific ground including hormones, evolution and brain networks. History, social constructs and the pressures of modern life come into the story, too.

I was shocked to learn that a woman produces more estrogen in the 40 weeks of pregnancy than she would otherwise accumulate over her entire fertile life (which lasts around 35 years on average) and beyond.

Carmona also thoughtfully addresses some scientific puzzlers. She writes that mothers often report feeling less mentally sharp, yet laboratory studies show almost no neurological decline. Attributed to “mommy brain,” mental slips might be due to a lack of sleep, a shifting of attention, or just an expectation.

This pervasive, negative stereotype of “mommy brain” can build on itself, causing women to grow insecure about their intelligence or abandon projects that were once vital to them. “It matters — a lot — how we talk to ourselves about these things,” Carmona writes.

At its heart, this book is a love letter to moms, who have been invisible to the scientific gaze for too long. It’s time to write a story of matrescence, Carmona argues. “A story that recognizes mothers as the essence of the human species, the carriers of knowledge about how we create bonds—and, through them, society and culture.”

Carmona offers a powerful and necessary story by putting the intense changes of motherhood into words. ✗

作者：劳拉·桑德斯 (Laura Sanders)

当谈到初为人母时，婴儿通常是关注的中心。但神经科学家苏珊娜·卡莫纳 (Susana Carmona) 带来了一个令人耳目一新的转折，她将聚光灯转向了母亲。

接下来的内容是一场迷人且有据可依的旅程，带我们领略“母亲化”（matrescence）这一奇妙过程。这个词是为了呼应“青春期”（adolescence）而创造的——那是另一个发生剧烈变化的时期。母亲化包括女性在成为母亲时，大脑所经历的剧烈重组。

《母亲的大脑》(A MOTHER'S BRAIN)

苏珊娜·卡莫纳 (Susana Carmona) 著

麻省理工学院出版社 (MIT Press)，$27.95

这位母亲发现这本书是母亲之乐的宝库。作为少数研究母亲化的科学家之一，卡莫纳是引导读者了解最新研究的权威指南，尽管这类研究的数量少得令人沮丧。尽管如此，书中涵盖了包括激素、进化和大脑网络在内的科学领域。历史、社会构建以及现代生活的压力也融入了故事之中。

令我震惊的是，我了解到女性在 40 周的怀孕期间产生的雌激素，比她在整个生育期（平均持续约 35 年）及其之后所积累的还要多。

卡莫纳还深思熟虑地探讨了一些科学谜题。她写道，母亲们经常报告感觉思维敏锐度下降，但实验室研究显示几乎没有神经功能衰退。被归结为“妈脑”（mommy brain）的记忆失误，可能是由于睡眠不足、注意力转移或仅仅是心理预期所致。

这种普遍的、负面的“妈脑”刻板印象会产生累积效应，导致女性对自己的智力产生不安全感，或放弃曾经对她们至关重要的项目。“我们如何就这些事情进行自我对话，这一点至关重要，”卡莫纳写道。

从核心来看，这本书是写给母亲们的一封情书，因为她们在科学视野中被忽视了太久。卡莫纳主张，现在是时候书写一个关于母亲化的故事了。“一个将母亲视为人类物种之精髓的故事，她们是关于我们如何建立纽带——并由此建立社会和文化——之知识的承载者。”

卡莫纳通过将为人母的剧烈变化付诸文字，提供了一个强而有力且必要的故事。 ✗

📄 Original Section

This book is a love letter to moms, who have been invisible to the scientific gaze for too long. | United States Postal ServiceStatement of Ownership, Management and Circulation(All Periodicals Publications Except Requester Publications) | 1. Publication Title | Notes to Date | Filing Date | 09/25/2026 | A. Status Category | 1. Number of Shares Published Annually | 12 | 539.00 | Monthly | Current Person | A. Computer Making Address of Known Office of Publication (Not Primes) (Street, city, county, state, and ZIP-4) | Milo Picket | A+B: | Telephone | City, State ZIP: Washington, DC, 20056 | 016-705-8480 | B. Computer Making Address of Headquarters or General Business Office of Publisher (Not Primer) | | A+B: | 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400 | | A+B-2: | | City, State ZIP: Washington, DC, 20056 | | C. Full Name and Complete Marking Address of Publisher, Editor and Managing Officer (in less than 50th) | Publisher (Name and complete posting address) | | Name: | Michael Ld. Vice | | A+B: | 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400 | | A+B-2: | | City, State ZIP: Washington, DC, 20056 | | Editor (Name and complete posting address) | | Name: | Nancy State | | A+B: | 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400 | | A+B-2: | | City, State ZIP: Washington, DC, 20056 | | Managing Editor (Name and complete posting address) | | Name: | Victoria Segund | | A+B: | 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400 | | A+B-2: | | City, State ZIP: Washington, DC, 20056 | | (1) The ID(s) is written by the publisher, but if any information can be obtained from the recipient, immediately reflects the information which is available of information being in living? Potential to use cities and locations for information, not a company, nor the names and addresses of the institutional name, it may be a providing or other information, given it's never antibodies or all of these information. | (2) The information is available by the publisher, but if any information can be obtained from the recipient, immediately reflects the information which is available of information being in living? Potential to use cities and locations for information, not a company, nor the names and addresses of the institutional name, it may be a providing or other information, given it's never antibodies or all of these information. | Full Name | Complete Marking Address | Director or Director | Washington, DC, 20056 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | # This Is How You Walk the Walk

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What's the secret? Pure class. Our Stauer Walking Sticks are a tip of the top hat to turn-of-the-century tradition. Today these tributes to a gentleman's power, prestige, and posture are fetching as much as \$200,000 at auction. But only Stauer can deliver a modern version of these vintage classics that looks and feels as good as the original for only \$59 each!

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这本书是一封写给母亲们的情书，长期以来，她们在科学的审视中一直被忽视。

美国邮政局所有权、管理与发行量声明（除请求出版物外的所有定期出版物） | < rowspan="2">1. 出版物名称< / >< rowspan="2">截至日期备注< / > | 提交日期< / >< / > < ="2">09 / 25 / 2026< / >< / > A. 状态类别< / > 1年度出版份数< / > 12< / > 539.00< / >< / > 月刊< / > < / >< ="2">当前人员< / >< / > A. 已知出版办公室的计算机制作地址（非主地址）（街道、城市、县、州及 ZIP-4）< / > < / >< ="2">Milo Picket< / >< / > A+B:< / > < / >< ="2">电话< / >< / > 城市, 州 ZIP: 华盛顿特区, 20056< / > < / >< ="2">016-705-8480< / >< / > B. 出版商总部或总业务办公室的计算机制作地址（非主地址）< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B:< / > 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B-2:< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 城市, 州 ZIP: 华盛顿特区, 20056< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > < ="4">C. 出版商、编辑和管理人员的全名及完整标记地址（少于 50 位）< / >< / > 出版商（姓名及完整邮寄地址）< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 姓名:< / > Michael Ld. Vice< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B:< / > 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B-2:< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 城市, 州 ZIP: 华盛顿特区, 20056< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 编辑（姓名及完整邮寄地址）< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 姓名:< / > Nancy State< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B:< / > 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B-2:< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 城市, 州 ZIP: 华盛顿特区, 20056< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 执行编辑（姓名及完整邮寄地址）< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 姓名:< / > Victoria Segund< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B:< / > 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, State 400< / >< ="2">< / >< / > A+B-2:< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > 城市, 州 ZIP: 华盛顿特区, 20056< / > < / >< ="2">< / >< / > < ="4">(1) 该 ID 由出版商编写，但如果能从接收者处获得任何信息，将立即反映出目前可获得的生存状态信息？有可能将城市和位置用于，而非公司，也不是机构名称的名称和地址，它可能是一个提供者或其他，鉴于它从未是抗体或所有这些。< / >< / > < ="4">(2) 该内容由出版商提供，但如果能从接收者处获得任何信息，将立即反映出目前可获得的生存状态信息？有可能将城市和位置用于，而非公司，也不是机构名称的名称和地址，它可能是一个提供者或其他，鉴于它从未是抗体或所有这些。< / >< / > 全名< / >< ="3">完整标记地址< / >< / > 董事或主管< / > 华盛顿特区, 20056< / > | < / > < / > < / > < / >< / > < / > | < / >< / > < / > < / > | < / > |

这就是优雅的行走方式

舒适与格调在我们的手杖系列中完美融合。每根仅售 \$59！

人们称步行是“完美的运动”。它能让你的心脏跳动，清空大脑，让肺部充满新鲜空气。这已经很不错了，但我们找到了让它变得更好的方法。在您迈出接下来的 10,000 步之前，为您的漫步增添一份自信。无论走到哪里，带上一根 Stauer 手杖，我保证您会感觉像一位凯旋的英雄。人们会侧目而视，机遇之门将为您开启。它的魅力将令您惊叹。

秘诀是什么？纯粹的格调。我们的 Stauer 手杖是对世纪之交传统的致敬。如今，这些象征绅士权力、威望和仪态的艺术品在拍卖会上最高可拍出 \$200,000 的高价。但只有能为您提供这些复古经典的现代版本，外观和手感与原版一样出色，而每根仅需 \$59！

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手杖系列

A. 德比郡 (Derbyshire)

\$79\* \$59 +运费节省 \$20

B. 厄尔斯福德 (Earlsford)

\$79\* \$59 +运费节省 \$20℃. 骑士桥 (Knightsbridge)

D. 欣威克野兔 (Hinwick Hare)

\$79\* \$59 +运费节省 \$20

E. 绅士款 (Gentleman's)

\- 长度 36 英寸 • 进口桉木

\- 刻花与雕刻实心黄铜把手，提供多种饰面

\- 橡胶底尖 • 最高承重 250 磅

\- 所有型号均提供 40 英寸高度——请致电咨询详情。

您的满意度 100% 有保证。请在 30 天内体验我们精美手杖的舒适与格调。如果您没有感受到那份权力和威望，只需在 30 天内将其寄回，即可获得商品价格的退款。在，我们言出必行。

限量版。本广告仅限每款 500 根！这些手工打造的精品需要数月时间制作，目前正被抢购一空（速度之快，绝非步行）。所以，请向正确的方向迈出一步。立即致电！

手杖好评

“一根极佳的手杖。坚固且优雅。非常适合夜晚出行。工艺精湛。”

– J. 来自加利福尼亚州太平洋格罗夫

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📄 Original Section

Conversations with Maya

Maya Ajmera, President & CEO of Society for Science and Executive Publisher of Science News, sat down with John Pardon, a professor at Stony Brook University and a recipient of the 2026 Fields Medal. Pardon, who won a Breakthrough Prize in 2025, is a 2007 alumnus of the Science Talent Search (STS), a program of Society for Science.

WHAT WAS IT ABOUT MATHEMATICS THAT CAPTURED YOUR IMAGINATION WHEN YOU WERE YOUNG? Mathematics always came very naturally to me and offered a never-ending world to explore. I could just continue to ask questions. Mathematics is the fundamental language of reality, so one's daily experiences can offer continuous mathematical stimulation.

WHAT ARE YOUR FAVORITE MEMORIES FROM PARTICIPATING IN STS? It was nice to experience being in a large group where interest in science and math was the norm, rather than the exception.

YOUR FIELDS MEDAL CITATION POINTS TO EXTRAORDINARY ACHIEVEMENTS IN SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY AND TOPOLOGY. FOR THOSE OF US WHO AREN'T MATHEMATICIANS, HOW WOULD YOU EXPLAIN THESE SUBJECTS? Topology is the mathematical study of the properties of shapes and spaces that do not change, even when an object is stretched, twisted or bent. For example, in topology a sphere and a donut are different because a donut contains a loop which cannot be contracted to a point without leaving the donut, while a sphere does not.

Symplectic topology studies high dimensional surfaces “with a way of measuring two-dimensional area.” This definition belies an extraordinarily rich topological theory and ubiquitous appearance in mathematical physics. For example, many evolution systems, such as the rotation of the solar system, may be fruitfully studied by interpreting them as flows on certain symplectic manifolds.

HOW DID IT FEEL TO WIN THE FIELDS MEDAL, AND WHAT DOES THE HONOR MEAN FOR YOU? It's a little bit overwhelming, to be honest. It's been less than two months since the award was publicly announced, and I'm still getting my bearings.

WHAT CAN MATHEMATICS REVEAL ABOUT THE UNIVERSE THAT WE MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO SEE OR UNDERSTAND OTHERWISE? Whether you're describing the structure of atoms, the behavior of light or even just how long it takes a ball to fall to the ground, you can't get anywhere close to understanding physical phenomena without serious mathematics.

AS A MATHEMATICIAN WORKING ON THESE PROBLEMS, IS THERE AN “AHA MOMENT” THAT HAPPENS? Absolutely. I’ve had a few of these aha moments. Although not every paper has one, I usually remember when I have such a moment. A lot of my work involves a series of smaller “ahas.” In order to reach such a moment, you need to fully immerse yourself in a problem and understand every aspect of it. And then maybe you have an “aha” moment when you’re not expecting it.

Theodore Roosevelt

Fineness: 90% Pure Gold Coin Weight: 4.18g Diameter: 18mm

... 触手可及的非凡。®

精美手杖图片非实际尺寸。

与玛雅的对话

玛雅·阿杰马拉（Maya Ajmera），科学协会（Society for Science）总裁兼首席执行官及《科学新闻》（Science News）执行出版人，与纽约州立大学石溪分校教授、2026年菲尔兹奖获得者约翰·帕登（John Pardon）进行了交谈。帕登曾在2025年获得突破奖，他是科学协会项目——科学人才搜索（STS）2007届的校友。

年轻时，数学中的什么特质吸引了你的想象力？数学对我来说一直非常自然，并提供了一个永无止境的探索世界。我可以不断地提出问题。数学是现实世界的根本语言，因此一个人的日常经历可以提供持续的数学刺激。

参加STS最令你难忘的回忆是什么？能够体验身处一个对科学和数学感兴趣是常态而非特例的大群体中，这种感觉很好。

你的菲尔兹奖获奖词提到了你在辛普莱克几何（Symplectic Geometry）和拓扑学方面的卓越成就。对于我们这些非数学家来说，你会如何解释这些学科？拓扑学是对形状和空间属性的数学研究，即使物体被拉伸、扭曲或弯曲，这些属性也不会改变。例如，在拓扑学中，球体和甜甜圈是不同的，因为甜甜圈包含一个无法在不离开甜甜圈的情况下缩减为一点的环，而球体则没有。

辛普莱克拓扑学研究具有“测量二维面积方式”的高维曲面。这个定义掩盖了其极其丰富的拓扑理论以及在数学物理中的普遍出现。例如，许多演化系统（如太阳系的旋转）可以通过将其解释为某些辛普莱克流形上的流来有效地进行研究。

获得菲尔兹奖是什么感觉？这份荣誉对你意味着什么？坦白说，有点不知所措。距离奖项公开宣布还不到两个月，我仍在适应这种状态。

数学能揭示关于宇宙的哪些我们可能无法通过其他方式看到或理解的东西？无论你是在描述原子的结构、光的行为，还是仅仅描述一个球掉到地面需要多长时间，如果没有严谨的数学，你根本无法接近对物理现象的理解。

作为一名研究这些问题的数学家，是否会出现“顿悟时刻（Aha moment）”？绝对有。我经历过几次这样的顿悟时刻。虽然不是每篇论文都有，但我通常能记得产生这种时刻的瞬间。我的很多工作涉及一系列较小的“顿悟”。为了达到这样一个时刻，你需要完全沉浸在一个问题中并理解它的每一个方面。然后，也许在你意想不到的时候，你会迎来一个“顿悟”时刻。

西奥多·罗斯福

纯度：90% 纯金硬币重量：4.18g 直径：18mm

发现：西奥多·罗斯福失踪的金币

In 1908, 西奥多·罗斯福总统发起了一项宏大的计划，旨在将美国那些缺乏灵感的钱币转化为配得上一个崛起的世界强国的艺术品。罗斯福拒绝了铸币局最初的计划（即简单地将 $20 双鹰金币的设计缩小用于 $2.50 金币面值），转而支持雕塑家贝拉·里昂·普拉特（Bela Lyon Pratt）激进的新方法。

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首款流通的“凹陷”设计

普拉特的激进新设计没有凸起的边缘，而且，主体部分并没有从硬币表面凸起……而是凹进了其中！这是首次在流通硬币上采用凹刻法。普拉特在设计这款“印第安头像”硬币时，参考了他的导师（奥古斯都·圣-高登斯）在 1907 年设计的 10 美元印第安头像硬币。

尽管该设计激进且令人惊叹，但由于公众担心凹陷的设计会积聚细菌，因此并未受到欢迎。正因如此，印第安头像 2.5 美元金币（Quarter Eagle）仅在 1908-1929 年间铸造。更糟糕的是，由于在钱币收藏家中的普及度不高，被保存下来的硬币寥寥无几。

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西奥多丢失的金币

在整个印第安头像 2.5 美元金币系列中，1908 年至 1929 年间共铸造了 7,250,261 枚。然而，专家估计，无论品相如何，如今幸存的原始产量不足 5%，其余部分要么在金价飙升期间被熔化，要么随时间流逝而丢失。

Rarcoa®，美国最古老的钱币公司，发现了一小批西奥多·罗斯福丢失的 \$2.50 金色印第安硬币，并于今日向公众发售！

已有 100 多年历史

我们发现了一批数量有限的 1913 年 \$2.50 季度鹰金币。每枚硬币已有 113 年历史，见证了美国一个深刻变革的年份。它是否曾被监督巴拿马运河完工的工头，或是开设首家福特®（Ford®）装配线工厂的厂长随身携带？谁知道您的这枚硬币见证了怎样的美国历史！

每枚 1913 年 \$2.50 金色印第安硬币的品相均为“近未流通”（About Uncirculated）。由于我们的库存极其有限，订单将按先到先得的原则处理。不要错过抢购一枚“西奥多丢失金币”的机会，立即订购！

1913 年 \$2.50 金色印第安硬币

近未流通 - 每枚 \$849

所有订单均免运费

致电 1-833-204-4562

优惠码 GNHP117-1

致电时请提供此代码。

RARCOA DIRECT

扫描在线购买。

基础优先基金 (Fundamentals First Fund)

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一只 ETF - 代码 KNOW

2 / 21 / 24

市场

开盘价：

\$10.00

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收盘价：

为什么不是我们？

\$13.12

已支付股息：

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📄 Original Section

THERE'S SO MUCH MORE TO SCIENCE (NEWS)...

Get the most from your subscription:

\- Visit ScienceNews.org

Every headline has a deeper science story. Behind the trends, debates, and decisions affecting your life — there's science explaining how and why. Science News reveals the scientific forces, evidence, and research behind what's happening. We show you the science shaping the stories you care about.

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AS AI BECOMES INCREASINGLY CAPABLE OF TACKLING DIFFICULT MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS, DO YOU THINK IT WILL FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGE THE WAY MATHEMATICIANS DO THEIR WORK IF IT HASN'T ALREADY? AI has already changed mathematics in a big way, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. AI is developing so fast that whatever I say will almost certainly be outdated a year from now (if not by the time this interview is published). AI models can truly understand high level mathematical arguments in a way computers never could in the past. This means that a super computer can test many more potential lines of attack on mathematical problems than a single person can. However, the computational cost remains high.

HOW DOES THAT IMPACT YOUR WORK? We are still learning how to best use AI. Everyone uses it differently. AI is great at finding subtle errors in mathematical arguments. My writing is usually quite terse and difficult for human experts to understand. However, I have used AI to find (usually easily fixable) errors which are quite subtle. The ability to locate such errors shows how skilled AI is at mathematics. I have also used AI to find a few nontrivial proofs (things I was pretty sure were true, but hadn't quite put the pieces together yet).

On the other hand, AI has been less successful in answering some of the more serious research questions I have asked it. Probably one needs some serious computing power for these, and even then it would likely be hit-or-miss.

IF AI CAN SOLVE A MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM THAT NO HUMAN CAN SOLVE OR PRODUCES A PROOF THAT HUMANS STRUGGLE TO UNDERSTAND, WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR YOUR WORK OR FOR MATHEMATICS? So far, the proofs AI has produced haven't been very different stylistically speaking from proofs written by humans. I should also note that humans have been writing hard-to-understand proofs for a very long time. So having a proof which is hard to understand is nothing new.

The length of the proofs produced by AI are, again, reasonable by human standards. Eventually, maybe it will just sit there thinking about math on its own, and it can become an oracle we can ask questions of. Maybe at some point it will understand more math than humans do, with us asking it questions and then trying to understand the answer. But I expect this is a somewhat distant future. The computing power required is probably put to better use for other needs, such as AI medical applications.

WHAT ADVICE WOULD YOU GIVE TO A YOUNG PERSON WHO'S DISCOVERED A SUBJECT THEY'RE PASSIONATE ABOUT BUT THEY DON'T KNOW WHERE THE SUBJECT MIGHT TAKE THEM? You don't ever really know where something's going to take you. Having something you are passionate about is a great position to be in: Recognize that and follow it.

YOU RECOGNIZED YOUR PASSION VERY EARLY ON AND CONTINUED ON THAT PATH. DID YOU EVER THINK OF DEVIATING FROM MATHEMATICS? In high school, I did a lot of computer programming in addition to mathematics. During my undergraduate career at Princeton University, I found that I fit better with the math department than the computer science department. Had I gone to a different school, perhaps I would have followed a different path. I also played the cello throughout high school and my undergrad years; however, it wasn't really a serious career option for me.

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摘要

基础优先基金（Fundamentals First Fund）是一只 ETF，持有约 100 家优质上市公司的部分股权，并持有上市债券。这些全球性公司至关重要、重要、有用，或者仅仅是值得拥有，且大多数公司已经营数十年。我们精心挑选这些公司，并以分散风险的方式进行配置，确保任何单一公司事件所造成的损失都不会超过轻微影响。梅森资本（Mason Capital）以这种方式管理资金已超过三十年。如果您想更具体地了解我们是谁、如何操作以及您如何参与，请继续阅读。

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投资者在投资前应仔细考虑投资目标、风险、费用和开支。如需获取包含本基金及其他信息的招股说明书或招股说明书摘要，请致电 617-228-5190 或访问我们的网站 www.fundamentalsfirstfund.com

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随着人工智能在解决困难数学问题方面变得越来越有能力，您认为它是否会从根本上改变数学家工作的方式（如果还没有改变的话）？ AI 已经极大地改变了数学，并且在可预见的未来将继续如此。AI 的发展速度如此之快，以至于无论我现在说什么，一年后几乎肯定都会过时（如果不是在这次采访发表之前就已经过时的话）。 THAT 模型能够以过去计算机永远无法实现的方式，真正理解高层级的数学论证。这意味着超级计算机在面对数学问题时，可以测试比单个个体多得多的潜在攻击路径。然而，计算成本仍然很高。

这对您的工作有何影响？ 我们仍在学习如何最好地利用。每个人的使用方式都不同。 THAT 非常擅长发现数学论证中细微的错误。我的写作通常非常简洁，人类专家很难理解。然而，我曾利用发现一些非常细微（且通常很容易修复）的错误。定位此类错误的能力表明了 THAT 在数学方面的熟练程度。我还利用找到了几个非平凡的证明（那些我相当确定是正确的，但尚未完全将碎片拼凑在一起的事情）。

另一方面，在回答我提出的一些更严肃的研究问题时， THAT 的成功率较低。可能这些问题需要强大的计算能力，而且即便如此，结果可能也具有随机性。

如果能解决一个没有任何人类能解决的数学问题，或者产生一个人类难以理解的证明，这对您的工作或对数学意味着什么？ 到目前为止，从风格上来说， THAT 产生的证明与人类编写的证明并没有太大区别。我还应该指出，人类编写难以理解的证明已经有很长时间了。所以，出现一个难以理解的证明并不是什么新鲜事。

同样， THAT 产生的证明长度在人类标准看来也是合理的。最终，也许它会独立地思考数学，并成为一个我们可以向其提问的“神谕”。也许在某个时间点，它对数学的理解将超过人类，由我们向它提问，然后尝试理解答案。但我预计这是一个相当遥远的未来。所需的计算能力可能会被更好地用于其他需求，例如医学应用。

对于一个发现了自己热爱但不知道这个学科会将自己带向何方的年轻人，您会给他们什么建议？ 你永远无法真正知道某件事会将你带向何方。拥有自己热爱的事物是一个极佳的状态：意识到这一点并追随它。

您很早就意识到了自己的热情并坚持走这条路。您是否曾想过偏离数学？ 在高中时期，除了数学，我还做了大量的计算机编程。在普林斯顿大学就读本科期间，我发现自己更适合数学系而非计算机科学系。如果我去了另一所学校，也许我会走一条不同的道路。在高中和本科期间我也一直演奏大提琴；然而，那对我来说并不是一个严肃的职业选择。

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您现在在读什么书？年少时有哪些书籍对您产生了影响？

我现在在读两本书。一本是岸见一郎（Ichiro Kishimi）和古贺史健（Fumitake Koga）写的《被讨厌的勇气》。另一本是金庸的武侠小说。我读过他最出色的一部绝对是《笑傲江湖》（抱歉，书名是中文，翻译版很难传达其神韵）。他的写作功底可以从这本书的章节标题中看出：每个标题都表达得恰到好处，且仅由两个字组成。（我阅读这些小说使用的是中文原著，我在普林斯顿大学学习过中文——其中有太多内容是无法翻译的）。

年少时，我读了很多数学书，最喜欢的一本是迈克尔·里德（Michael Reed）和巴里·西蒙（Barry Simon）写的《泛函分析》（Functional Analysis）。我也读过一些科幻 / 奇幻小说（虽然没有某些关于“书呆子”的刻板印象中说的那么多），包括弗兰克·赫伯特（Frank Herbert）的《沙丘》（Dune）和 T. A. 巴伦（T. A. Barron）的《梅林失踪年》（Lost Years of Merlin）系列。

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📄 Original Section

TO TURN INVISIBLE, WE NEED TO TWEAK THE PATH LIGHT TRAVELS

BY SOFIA CAETANO AVRITZER

t's pretty hard to fight an opponent you can't see. That's what makes Invisible Woman an invaluable member of the Fantastic Four. She can disappear in the blink of an eye and take out entire factions of enemies, all while her adversaries kick and punch empty air. Characters with invisibility powers — Marvel Comics' Invisible Woman (aka Sue Storm), H.G. Wells' Invisible Man and The Incredibles' Violet Parr — can do all sorts of cool things. Escape embarrassing situations. Snoop on other people. Go places here they're not allowed.

Short of a theoretical invisibility cloak, that kind of lurking is impossible for us. But some animals can hide in plain sight by turning nearly transparent.

Invisibility is useful for animals that spend a lot of time in places with no good hiding spots, such as the air or open ocean, says Kate Feller, a visual ecologist at Union College in Schenectady, N.Y.

The secret to invisibility is all about light. “The way we see things is when light is reflected back off of an object onto our eyes,” Feller says. The more light that can pass through something undisturbed, the harder it is to see that thing.

Light can't easily pass through most animals, but those with nearly invisible body parts have tricks to get around this hurdle.

Animals get their colors from pigments, compounds that appear as different colors depending on which wavelengths of light they absorb and which they reflect. Green pigments, for instance, reflect green light and absorb all other colors. Invisibility requires getting rid of these colorful compounds.

Most baby fish lack pigments at first, helping them hide from predators. Some species stay see-through their whole lives. One is the ghost catfish (Kryptopterus vitreolus). With a body that's fully transparent from gills to tail, it looks like a floating head from afar.

It's hard to hide every body part, though. Eyes need light-absorbing pigments to see. And even clear stomachs will show up if animals eat colorful food. A ghost catfish eats only small bits of food and its long, thin, tubelike stomach stretches out a meal, helping the organ stay hidden, says Qibin Zhao, a

VILIUS THORSGAARD FR∅LUNDE-VIZGAUDIS

physicist and materials scientist at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China. Blood can't be transparent either due to the iron-rich hemoglobin molecules that carry oxygen. So up close, the ghost catfish's blood vessels are still visible.

But even pigment-free objects are not entirely invisible. Light travels at different speeds through different materials so will bend or bounce when it goes from one material to another. That can create a shine, like sun reflecting off a puddle.

That's not a big problem for a glasswing butterfly (Greta oto): Its wings have fewer reflective scales than other butterflies' wings. The wings are also covered in tiny wax bumps that make light's transition from air to tissue more gradual, so light passes through the wings mostly undisturbed.

Invisible Woman uses a completely different vanishing trick than real-life transparent animals. Instead of letting light pass through her, she bends lights rays to completely avoid her body. The rays never even touch her, so they are not reflected or absorbed, making her invisible to any onlookers.

In 2006, scientists proposed that this same logic could be used to create an invisibility cloak. But in practice, a material that perfectly bends light rays is expensive, hard to make and can divert only a narrow band of light at a time. That's just enough to make a single-colored object disappear but not an entire human.

And there's another problem: With no light getting into the cloak, a person inside can't see out. Luckily, Sue Storm has the ability to use cosmic rays to see while she's invisible, allowing her to protect the world from supervillains like Doctor Doom. ✗

SCIENCENEWS.ORG

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当今世界面临许多挑战。

有什么让您夜不能寐，又有什么给您带来希望？人工智能以及全球各地的政治局势令人担忧。很难找到一个没有某种不稳定因素或恶意行为者的地区。

与周围社区的人们互动并意识到他们比新闻中出现的人要理智得多，这令人感到鼓舞。

科学协会（Society for Science）是一家非营利组织，以其屡获殊荣的新闻报道、世界级的 STEM 竞赛以及 STEM 推广项目而闻名。一个多世纪以来，我们的使命一直是促进人们对科学及其在人类进步中所起关键作用的理解与欣赏：旨在告知、教育并启发。

若要变得隐形，我们需要调整光的传播路径

作者：索菲亚·卡埃塔诺·阿夫里策（SOFIA CAETANO AVRITZER）

要对抗一个看不见的对手是非常困难的。这就是为什么隐形女侠（Invisible Woman）是神奇四侠中不可或缺的一员。她能在眨眼之间消失，并消灭整个敌方阵营，而她的对手只能对着空气乱踢乱打。拥有隐身能力的角色——漫威漫画的隐形女侠（又名苏·斯通）、H.G. 威尔斯的《隐形人》以及《超人特工队》中的薇奥莱特·帕尔——能做各种酷炫的事情。比如逃离尴尬的局面，窥视他人，或者前往他们不被允许进入的地方。

除非拥有理论上的隐形斗篷，否则这种潜行对我们来说是不可能的。但有些动物可以通过变得近乎透明，在众目睽睽之下隐藏起来。

纽约州斯克内克塔迪联合学院的视觉生态学家凯特·费勒（Kate Feller）表示，对于那些长时间处于没有良好掩体场所（如空中或开阔海洋）的动物来说，隐身非常有用。

隐身的秘密全在于光。“我们看到事物的方式是光线从物体上反射回我们的眼睛，”费勒说。光线在不受干扰的情况下穿过某物的程度越高，这个事物就越难被看见。

光线很难轻易穿过大多数动物，但那些拥有近乎隐形身体部位的动物有应对这一障碍的技巧。

动物的颜色来自色素，这些化合物根据它们吸收和反射的光波长不同而呈现出不同的颜色。例如，绿色色素反射绿光并吸收所有其他颜色。隐身需要去除这些有颜色的化合物。

大多数幼鱼最初缺乏色素，这有助于它们躲避捕食者。有些物种则终生保持透明。其中一种是幽灵鲶鱼（Kryptopterus vitreolus）。它的身体从鳃到尾部完全透明，从远处看就像一个漂浮的头部。

不过，要隐藏每一个身体部位是很困难的。眼睛需要吸收光的色素才能看见。而且，即使是透明的胃，如果动物吃了有颜色的食物也会显现出来。中国上海交通大学的物理学家兼材料科学家赵其斌（Qibin Zhao）表示，幽灵鲶鱼只吃极小块的食物，其长而细的管状胃能将食物撑开，有助于该器官保持隐藏状态。由于携带氧气的血红蛋白分子富含铁，血液也无法透明。因此，近距离观察时，幽灵鲶鱼的血管仍然可见。

但即使是没有色素的物体也不是完全隐形的。光在不同材料中的传播速度不同，因此在从一种材料进入另一种材料时会发生弯曲或反弹。这会产生光泽，就像阳光在水洼上的反射一样。

对于玻璃翼蝶（Greta oto）来说，这并不是大问题：它的翅膀比其他蝴蝶的翅膀具有更少的反射鳞片。翅膀上还覆盖着微小的蜡质凸起，使光线从空气到组织的过渡更加平缓，因此光线在穿过翅膀时基本不受干扰。

隐形女侠使用的消失技巧与现实生活中的透明动物完全不同。她不是让光线穿过身体，而是弯曲光线以完全避开她的身体。光线甚至从未触碰到她，因此既没有被反射也没有被吸收，使她在任何旁观者眼中都处于隐形状态。

2006年，科学家提出可以用同样的逻辑来制造隐形斗篷。但在实践中，一种能完美弯曲光线的材料价格昂贵、难以制造，且一次只能偏转窄带的光线。这仅足以让一个单色物体消失，而不能让一个完整的人消失。

而且还有一个问题：由于没有光线能进入隐身衣，身处其中的人无法向外观察。幸运的是，苏·斯通拥有利用宇宙射线在隐身时进行观察的能力，这使她能够保护世界免受毁灭博士等超级反派的侵害。✗

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时间线 (TIME LINES)

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作者：法伦·罗斯 (FAREN ROTH)

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横向

1 食谱数量

5 河口地带

10 基本上就是假设

14 含金属矿物

15 数学家索菲·热尔曼的“M. Le Blanc”

16 顶着黑帽的海鸟

17 日本电子巨头

18 部分追求者

19 豆袋椅或摇椅

20 与 5-向下结合，意为“精确地”

22 [离我的猫粮远点！]

23 棒球裁判

24 教会捐款

25 坦佩学校（缩写）

26 在门口迎接

28 音乐家小野洋子

29 OB / \_\_\_\_（医学专业，口语）

31 Comp \_\_\_\_（大学专业，口语）

33 SSW（南南西）的反方向

34 急救车目的地（缩写）

36 \_\_\_\_ 巨行星（如海王星等行星）

38 坐立不安的

40 代表生长年轮的同心圆……以及在这个谜题中会出现五次的什么？

43 真正的

46 逻辑学中的 ^

47 提供推荐疫苗接种时间表的组织

50 “谁是个好\_\_\_\_？”（对许多狗说的反问句）

51 驾驶执照和护照（缩写）

53 “怎么了，\_\_？”

55 蓝莓派 \_\_ 模式

57 地球日所在的月份

59 珍·古道尔许多研究的对象

61 单轮车、自行车或三轮车上的两个部件之一

63 宠物食品品牌

64 例如 Belieber 或 Swiftie

65 高达

66 桡骨旁的骨头

67 失去冷静

69 天象馆常见的特征

70 Beer \_\_（饮酒游戏）

71 不祥之感

72 服从命令

73 眼睑疾病

74 准备，如准备水球

75 结婚

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纵向

1 向……方向抛球

2 室温下呈液态的元素

3 国会中的 100 人之一

4 “哈！骗到你了！”

5 见 20-横向

6 简单但不显而易见的工程解决方案的特质

7 “他们全是在瞎编！”

8 包含蟹状星云的星座

9 驴子

10 对“是谁在敲门？”的无用回答

11 适合跳炮弹跳水的泳池区域

12 像数学家那样去掉证明？

13 蚁巢居民

21 酿酒厂的桶

23 雇佣

27 此前被称为

30 化学反应中获得的产物量

32 自有公寓

35 给浓汤厨师的恰当名字？

37 宙（eon）与纪（period）之间的地质时间单位

39 “退出全屏”键

41 滑板公园的设施

42 不愿接受事实的

43 美国法律学院认证机构

44 驾驶舱助手

45 压迫性统治

48 可能是来做产前检查的人

49 宣布占有权

52 能够看到巨型动物的旅行

54 可以超频的 PC 部件

56 能看到补球（spares）和全中（strikes）的地方

58 例如 X 光

60 专家组

62 提供资金

66 \_ 和下降 (ups and downs)

67 许多电子邮件附件

68 乙烯基（黑胶）的替代品

访问 sciencenews.org / puzzle-answers 获取答案。我们很乐意在 puzzles@sciencenews.org 听到您的想法。

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科学需要像您这样的支持者

误导信息的传播速度比事实更快。

太多学校缺乏优质的科学资源。

太多年轻人从未有机会探索自己的潜力。

在您的支持下，科学协会可以：

\- 保持《科学新闻》的独立性和可访问性

\- 通过课堂项目触达数百万学生

\- 激励下一代科学家

作为《科学新闻》的出版者，我们依赖像您这样的读者来维持这项工作的运行——并使其不断成长。

---

科学改变生活的地方。

斯克里普斯研究所（Scripps Research）将诺贝尔奖级别的科学研究、顶尖的研究生院以及强大的药物研发引擎汇聚在同一屋檐下。

在这里，发现变成了更多可能。

与我们一起学习、研究和探索。scripps.edu

🧭 今日主编程控导读：聚焦「作者：艾米莉·科诺弗 (Emily Conover)」、「“全世界都应该对此信息保持高度关注……因为后果影响范围广泛。”」等核心政经议题

🎭 本期时代思潮与社会文化雷达

《Science_News_-_November_2026_ebooksyard》本期社会思潮与时代切片

🗂️ 全版面分栏导览目录 (点击标题直达正文)

📑 青少年创新者挑战赛

📑 数学 / 人工智能

📑 太空武器化

📑 医疗技术 / 脑机接口

📑 医学 / 免疫治疗

📑 人物访谈 / 数学

综合要闻 1

ScienceNews

科学新闻

TALK TO ME

与我对话

CONGRATULATIONS to the 2026 Finalists!

恭喜 2026 年入围决赛者！

About Thermo Fisher JIC

关于赛默飞世尔青少年创新者挑战赛 (Thermo Fisher JIC)

新闻

YOUR STOCK MARKET INVESTMENTS DESERVE A SECOND OPINION

您的股市投资值得听取第二意见

48

48

Features

特写

The human voice

人类之声

NRDC'S WHAT THE EARTH

NRDC 的《地球之言》（WHAT THE EARTH）

科学新闻

营销与广告

Subscriber services:

LAURA SANDERS SENIOR NEUROSCIENCE WRITER

订阅服务：

Ashley Yeager

劳拉·桑德斯 (LAURA SANDERS) 高级神经科学撰稿人

Joshua Rapp Learn

艾希莉·耶格 (Ashley Yeager)

Meghan Bartels

约书亚·拉普·勒恩 (Joshua Rapp Learn)

DEEP-SEA SPIDERS' OTHERWORLDLY GLOW

梅根·巴特尔斯 (Meghan Bartels)

By Joshua Rapp Learn

深海蜘蛛的异界之光

"Membership has been there for me to help me throughout the different stages of my career"

作者：约书亚·拉普·勒恩 (Joshua Rapp Learn)

AI may have solved one of math's biggest puzzles

“会员资格在我的职业生涯不同阶段一直给予我帮助”

By Emily Conover

AI 可能解决了数学领域最大的谜题之一

FALLING ATOMS IN SPACE SHOW EINSTEIN WAS RIGHT, AGAIN

作者：艾米莉·科诺弗 (Emily Conover)

AN ODD DETECTION EXCITES DARK MATTER HUNTERS

太空中的原子下落证明爱因斯坦再次正确

Rare fossils tell Denisovan tales

一次奇异的探测令暗物质猎人们兴奋

By Freda Kreier

稀有化石讲述丹尼索瓦人故事

CERTAIN HARDY MICROBES COULD SURVIVE ON THE MOON

作者：弗雷达·克赖尔 (Freda Kreier)

SACRED STONE OF THE SOUTHWEST IS ON THE BRINK OF EXTINCTION

某些强韧的微生物可能在月球上生存

1-800-333-2045

西南地区的圣石正处于灭绝边缘

THUNDER SHAKES — AND MAPS — THE GROUND

1-800-333-2045

HEALTH & MEDICINE

雷声震动——并绘制——地面

A massive study unveils the genetic basis of fibromyalgia

健康与医学

WAS THE AMERICAN CHEETAH A CHEETAH AT ALL?

一项大规模研究揭示纤维肌痛的遗传基础

A BROAD RANGE

美国猎豹真的是猎豹吗？

WE SEE THE FUTURE IN YOU.

广泛的分布范围

We see your greatest potential and your motivation to achieve. We see you at Norfolk State University.

我们在你们身上看到了未来。

Ph.D.